Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R043CY810OR
Open Canyon Slopes and Fans
(PSSPS-SPCR)
Last updated: 3/31/2025
Accessed: 06/07/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 043C–Blue and Seven Devils Mountains
This MLRA covers the Blue and Seven Devils Mountains of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The area is characterized by thrust and block-faulted mountains and deep canyons composed of sedimentary, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. Elevations range from 1,300 to 9,800 feet (395 to 2,990 meters). The climate is characterized by cold, wet winters and cool, dry summers. Annual precipitation, mostly in the form of snow, averages 12 to 43 inches (305 to 1,090 millimeters) yet ranges as high as 82 inches (2,085 millimeters) at upper elevations. Soil temperature regimes are predominately Frigid to Cryic and soil moisture regimes are predominately Xeric to Udic. Mollisols and Andisols are the dominant soil orders. Ecologically, forests dominate but shrub and grass communities may occur on south aspects and lower elevations as well as in alpine meadow environments. Forest composition follows moisture, temperature and elevational gradients and typically ranges from ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir plant associations at lower elevations, grand fir at middle elevations and subalpine fir and Engelman spruce at upper elevations. Historical fire regimes associated with these forest types range from frequent surface fires in ponderosa pine - Douglas Fir forest types to mixed and stand replacing fire regimes in grand fir and subalpine fir types. A large percentage of the MLRA is federally owned and managed by the U.S. Forest Service for multiple uses.
Classification relationships
Plant Assoc. of Wallowa-Snake Province (R6 E 255-86)
bluebunch wheatgrass-sand dropseed-red three awn plant - GB1911
USDA Forest Service Ecological Sub-region
M332 “Blue Mountains”
U.S. National Vegetation Classification Standard (NVCS)
Group: G311. Intermountain Semi-Desert Grassland
Alliance: A3976. Pseudoroegneria spicata - Opuntia polyacantha Dry Canyon Slope Grassland Alliance
Association: CEGL001589. Aristida purpurea var. longiseta - Pseudoroegneria spicata - Sporobolus cryptandrus GrasslandEcological site concept
This ecological site represents large areas of terraces, alluvial fans, and benches in lower elevation canyons. The historical reference community for most of these sites would be a community dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), and other dry site perennial forbs. Sand dropseed (Sporabolous cryptandrus) and red three awn (Aristida purpurea) increase with grazing. Other associated plants common to this mid seral community are annual fescues (Vulpia myuros, Vulpia microstachys), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), shaggy fleabane (Erigeron pumilus), and woolly plantain (Plantago patagonica). Soil temperature regimes are typically mesic and soil moisture regimes are aridic or xeric bordering on aridic.
This is a provisional ecological site that groups characteristics at a broad scale with little to no field verification and is subject to extensive review and revision before final approval. All data herein was developed using existing information and literature and should be considered provisional and contingent upon field validation prior to use in conservation planning.Associated sites
R043CY809OR Warm Foothills and Mountains (PSSPS-POSE)
Cooler, higher elevation
Similar sites
R043CY809OR Warm Foothills and Mountains (PSSPS-POSE)
Cooler, higher elevation
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Pseudoroegneria spicata
(2) Sporobolus cryptandrusPhysiographic features
This site occurs on terraces, alluvial fans, and benches in lower elevation canyons. This site occurs on all aspects with slopes typically ranging from 0 to 30%. Elevations range from 1,200 to 3,000 feet (365 – 900 meters). This site does not experience ponding or flooding and no water table is present within the upper two meters of soil.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Mountain valleys or canyons > Bench
(2) Mountain valleys or canyons > Alluvial fan
(3) Mountain valleys or canyons > Terrace
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 1200 – 3000 ft Slope 0 – 30 % Ponding depth 0 in Water table depth 100 in Aspect W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW Climatic features
The annual precipitation ranges from 10 to 15 inches (255 to 380 mm). Limited deep seasonal subsurface flows augment the precipitation. The precipitation occurs as rain and snow during the months of November through March. Localized, occasionally severe, convection storms occur during the summer. The mean annual air temperature is approximately 50 degrees F (10 degrees C). Extreme temperatures range from 100 to -20 degrees F (38 to -29 degrees C). Soil temperature regimes are mesic. The frost-free period ranges from 90 to 140 days. The period of optimum plant growth is from April through mid-July. Climate graphs are populated from the closest available weather stations and are included to represent general trends rather than representative values.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 90-140 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) Precipitation total (characteristic range) 10-20 in Frost-free period (average) 120 days Freeze-free period (average) Precipitation total (average) 10 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) BROWNLEE DAM [USC00101180], Halfway, ID
">Influencing water features
This site is not influenced by water from a wetland or stream.
Soil features
The soils of this site are formed in deep alluvium, colluvium and loess. They are deep to very deep. Typically, the surface texture is a ashy loam, ashy silt loam or gravelly loam over a loamy to cobbly clay loam subsoil. Stoniness is variable. Soil permeability is moderate to moderately slow. Localized, deep, seasonal subsurface flows augment the available water. The erosion potential is moderate. See Phys, Doublecreek, and Collegecreek for modal series concepts.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Alluvium
(2) Colluvium – volcanic rock
(3) Loess
Surface texture (1) Ashy loam
(2) Ashy silt loam
(3) Gravelly loam
Family particle size (1) Ashy over loamy
(2) Coarse-loamy
(3) Loamy-skeletal
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderate to moderately slow Depth to restrictive layer 60 – 80 in Soil depth 60 – 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 45 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 45 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)4 – 8.8 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)6.2 – 8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(4-60in)5 – 35 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(4-60in)0 – 30 % Ecological dynamics
Range in Characteristics:
Variability in plant composition and yield is dependent on soil depth and the extent of lateral subsurface water flow. Netleaf Hackberry increases on alluvial fans, riparian fringes and along seeps, with availability of localized subsurface flows. Bluebunch wheatgrass increases in drier areas. Sand dropseed is more prevalent on sandier soils and on disturbed sites.
Response to Disturbance:
If the condition of the site deteriorates as a result of improperly managed grazing, bluebunch wheatgrass decreases along with other palatable understory grasses and forbs. Sand dropseed increases along with lesser amounts of red three awn. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) and annual fescues invade along with marestail (Conyza canadensis) and a variety of other unpalatable forbs. Hackberry reproduction becomes limited. Minor amounts of rhizomatous shrubs, sumac (Rhus glabra) and western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii), continue to increase slowly. With further deterioration, areas of bare ground increases, forage production decreases and soil erosion accelerates. Much of the range of site has been heavily impacted by grazing, flooded by dam construction or altered by agricultural production. As a site susceptible to fire, the amount of netleaf hackberry is influenced by fire frequency. It typically resprouts and persists under light fuel burns. Higher mortality occurs in dense stands with heavy fuel loads. Hackberry is a slow-growing species averaging 13 feet in 50 years. Recruitment rates are typically low. Sand dropseed is generally killed by fire but its seed may remain viable for reestablishment afterwards. Bluebunch wheatgrass is resistant to fire with protected growing points and often recovers quickly following fire. Cheatgrass will often increase on this site following fire.State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
T1A - Introduction of non-native species T2A - Severe or continuous disturbance in the presence of non-native annual species R3A - Seeding with native perennial bunchgrasses (or non-native perennial grasses in some cases); mechanical, biological or chemical treatment of exotic species; and/or alteration of grazing management. State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A - Time without fire 1.1B - Extended drought in combination with disturbance 1.2A - Fire 1.2B - Fire in combination with extended drought 1.3A - Time after drought; fire cycle frequent enough to prevent expansion of shrubs 1.3B - Time after drought without fire State 2 submodel, plant communities
2.1A - Time without fire 2.1B - Extended drought in combination with disturbance 2.2A - Fire 2.2B - Fire in combination with extended drought 2.3A - Time after drought; fire cycle frequent enough to prevent expansion of shrubs 2.3B - Time after drought without fire State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Historic ReferenceThe Reference state 1.0 is representative of the natural range of variability under pristine conditions. The reference state is bunchgrass dominated with a diverse forb component. State dynamics are maintained by interactions between climatic patterns and disturbance regimes. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These are maintained by elements of ecosystem structure and function such as the presence of all structural and functional groups, and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Plant community phase changes are primarily driven by fire and/or periodic drought.
Dominant plant species
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bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
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sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), grass
Community 1.1
Reference Plant CommunityThe reference plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass with a secondary component of Sandberg bluegrass and a variety of forbs in the understory. This phase is maintained by frequent, low intensity fire.
Community 1.2
Shrub CommunityExtended time without fire will favor expansion and establishment of hackberry and other less prominent shrubs.
Community 1.3
At Risk PhaseExtended drought in combination with disturbance causes a decline in bluebunch wheatgrass and favors increaser species – sand dropseed and lesser amounts of red three awn.
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2Time without fire
Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.3Extended drought in combination with disturbance
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1Fire
Pathway 1.2B
Community 1.2 to 1.3Fire in combination with extended drought
Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.1Time after drought; fire cycle frequent enough to prevent expansion of shrubs
Pathway 1.3B
Community 1.3 to 1.2Time after drought without fire
State 2
Current PotentialThis state is similar to the Reference state 1.0. Ecological function has not changed, however the resiliency of the state has been reduced by the presence of invasive weeds. Non-natives may increase in abundance but will not become dominant within this State. These non-natives can be highly flammable and can promote increased fire frequency. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These are maintained by elements of ecosystem structure and function such as the presence of all structural and functional groups and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Positive feedbacks decrease ecosystem resilience and stability of the state. Processes and characteristics that contribute to positive feedbacks include the non-natives species’ high seed output, persistent seed bank, rapid growth rate, ability to cross pollinate, and adaptations for seed dispersal.
Dominant plant species
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bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
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sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), grass
Community 2.1
Bunchgrass phaseThis plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass with a secondary component of Sandberg bluegrass and a variety of forbs in the understory. This phase is maintained by frequent, low intensity fire. Non-native annual species present.
Community 2.2
Shrub PhaseExtended time without fire will favor expansion and establishment of hackberry and other less prominent shrubs. Non-native annual species present.
Community 2.3
At Risk PhaseExtended drought in combination with disturbance causes a decline in bluebunch wheatgrass and favors increaser species – sand dropseed and lesser amounts of red three awn. Non-native annual species present to increasing.
Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2Time without fire
Pathway 2.1B
Community 2.1 to 2.3Extended drought in combination with disturbance
Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1Fire
Pathway 2.2B
Community 2.2 to 2.3Fire in combination with extended drought
Pathway 2.3A
Community 2.3 to 2.1Time after drought; fire cycle frequent enough to prevent expansion of shrubs
Pathway 2.3B
Community 2.3 to 2.2Time after drought without fire
State 3
InvadedThis state is dominated by primarily annual non-native species. This state is maintained by frequent fire outside the natural range of variability and continued impacts of heavy grazing.
Dominant plant species
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cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), grass
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medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), grass
Community 3.1
Invaded communityThis community is characterized by the dominance of annual non-native species. Small amounts of red three awn and sand dropseed may persist but are not controlling site function.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Introduction of non-native species
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Severe or continuous disturbance in the presence of non-native annual species (e.g. catastrophic fire and/or soil disturbing treatments and/or inappropriate grazing management resulting in utilization of perennial bunchgrasses that impacts the plant’s ability to recover)
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 2Restoration of some structural and functional plant groups may be possible with a combination of intensive management inputs and significant time. Inputs may include seeding with native perennial bunchgrasses (or non-native perennial grasses in some cases); mechanical, biological or chemical treatment of exotic species; and alteration of grazing management.
Context dependence.Success will likely be somewhat contingent upon favorable weather patterns following treatment. Multiple attempts may be required and likelihood of failure is high given hot and dry site conditions and low site resilience.
Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 6. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 2.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Supporting information
References
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1980. USNVC [United States National Vegetation Classification]. 2019. United States National Vegetation Classification Database, V2.03. Federal Geographic Data Committee, Vegetation Subcommittee, Washington DC.. USNVC: http://usnvc.org/.
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Johnson, C.G. and S.A. Simon. 1987. Plant Association of the Walla-Snake Province, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-225A-86.. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallow-Whitman National Forest.
Other references
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Rhus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhugla/all.html [2021, December 21].
Contributors
Jennifer Moffitt - Original concept developed for 2020 PES initiative
Andrew Neary - Further concept development for 2020 PES initiativeApproval
Kirt Walstad, 3/31/2025
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 02/12/2025 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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