Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R043CY502OR
Cool Moist Mountain Meadow
(DECE/CAREX)
Last updated: 2/12/2025
Accessed: 07/09/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 043C–Blue and Seven Devils Mountains
This MLRA covers the Blue and Seven Devils Mountains of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The area is characterized by thrust and block-faulted mountains and deep canyons composed of sedimentary, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. Elevations range from 1,300 to 9,800 feet (395 to 2,990 meters). The climate is characterized by cold, wet winters and cool, dry summers. Annual precipitation, mostly in the form of snow, averages 12 to 43 inches (305 to 1,090 millimeters) yet ranges as high as 82 inches (2,085 millimeters) at upper elevations. Soil temperature regimes are predominately Frigid to Cryic and soil moisture regimes are predominately Xeric to Udic. Mollisols and Andisols are the dominant soil orders. Ecologically, forests dominate but shrub and grass communities may occur on south aspects and lower elevations as well as in alpine meadow environments. Forest composition follows moisture, temperature and elevational gradients and typically ranges from ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir plant associations at lower elevations, grand fir at middle elevations and subalpine fir and Engelman spruce at upper elevations. Historical fire regimes associated with these forest types range from frequent surface fires in ponderosa pine - Douglas Fir forest types to mixed and stand replacing fire regimes in grand fir and subalpine fir types. A large percentage of the MLRA is federally owned and managed by the U.S. Forest Service for multiple uses.
Classification relationships
USDA Forest Service Ecological Sub-region
M332 “Blue Mountains”
U.S. National Vegetation Classification Standard (NVCS)
Macrogroup:
Vancouverian-Rocky Mountain Montane Wet Meadow & Marsh
Riparian and Wetland Vegetation of Central and Eastern Oregon (2004):
CEGL001599 - Deschampsia caespitosa Association - Tufted hairgrass Association
Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Malheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests (1997):
MM1912 - Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association – (Deschampsia cespitosa)
SW5113 - Shrubby Cinquefoil/Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association – (Potentilla fruticosa/Deschampsia cespitosa)Ecological site concept
This ecological site represents cool moist meadow environments of the Blue and Wallowa mountains of Oregon and Washington. These communities are dominated by tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), and other facultative wetland graminoid and forb species. This site is found among forested communities at moderate to high elevations, often occupying depositional floodplains, low terraces and swales. Deep, fine textured mineral soils promote high water holding capacity and seasonally high water tables that drop below 30cm by mid to late summer. These conditions favor plant species that can tolerate soil saturation but can also survive soil drying. Historically, climatic cycles acting on watershed hydrology would have controlled ecological dynamics and geomorphic processes.
This is a provisional ecological site that groups characteristics at a broad scale with little to no field verification and is subject to extensive review and revision before final approval. All data herein was developed using existing information and literature and should be considered provisional and contingent upon field validation prior to use in conservation planning.Associated sites
R043CY501OR Cold Wet Mountain Meadow (CAREX)
Occupying adjacent landforms with meadow communities at somewhat lower positions relative to stream channels or more consistent sources of subsurface moisture
F043CY503OR Mountain Riparian Forest (PIEN/ALIN)
Adjacent forested riparian areas with higher energy soils
Similar sites
R043CY501OR Cold Wet Mountain Meadow (CAREX)
Water table remains within 30 cm of the soil surface throughout the year. Carex dominated.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Deschampsia cespitosa
(2) CarexPhysiographic features
This meadow site occurs on depositional floodplain areas in mountain valleys and on mountain plateaus. The site also occurs on swales; upland areas adjacent to springs and seeps; and low terraces adjacent to wet meadow depression areas and stream channels. When located near active stream channels this site is subject to rare to occasional (1 to 50 times in 100 years) flooding that typically lasts from a few hours to a week. In reference condition, the floodplain is well connected to the primary channel. Subsurface water is often near the surface during spring, yet often falls to between 30 and 100 cm below the soil surface by mid-summer. Valley gradients typically range from 0 to 3 percent. Elevations typically range from 4,000 to 4,800 feet (1,200 to 1,450 meters) but this site may be found up to 7,000 ft (2,150 meters).
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Mountains > Flood plain
(2) Mountains > Terrace--stream or lake
(3) Mountains > Swale
Flooding duration Extremely brief (0.1 to 4 hours) to brief (2 to 7 days) Flooding frequency Rare to occasional Ponding frequency None Elevation 4000 – 4800 ft Slope 0 – 3 % Ponding depth 0 in Water table depth 0 – 33 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Table 3. Representative physiographic features (actual ranges)
Flooding duration Not specified Flooding frequency Not specified Ponding frequency Not specified Elevation 4000 – 7000 ft Slope 0 % Ponding depth 0 in Water table depth 0 in Climatic features
The annual precipitation ranges from 18 – 30 inches (460 – 760 mm), most of which occurs in the form of rain and snow during the months of November through March. The soil moisture regime is typically Xeric or Udic. The soil temperature regime is Frigid to Cryic with a mean air temperature between 41 to 45 degrees F (5 to 7 degrees C). The frost-free period ranges from less than 50 to more than 100 days. Climate graphs are populated from the closest available weather stations and are included to represent general trends rather than representative values.
Table 4 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 50-100 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) Precipitation total (characteristic range) 20-30 in Frost-free period (average) 70 days Freeze-free period (average) Precipitation total (average) 20 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) AUSTIN 3 S [USC00350356], Prairie City, OR
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(2) MEACHAM [USW00024152], Pendleton, OR
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(3) UKIAH [USC00358726], Pilot Rock, OR
">Influencing water features
Frequent surface flows and long duration seasonal sub-surface flows from adjacent perennial and seasonal streams and associated uplands augment the precipitation. Duration and volume of flows during spring and summer will be dependent on snowpack within contributing watersheds, as well as vegetation type and cover, geology and geomorphology. These processes will in part be controlled by the interactions of spring and summer air temperature and spring precipitation on melting and runoff. The water table typically fluctuates between 30 and 100 cm from March through July.
Soil features
The soils of this site are typically recent, deep to very deep and well drained to somewhat poorly drained. Surface layers may be formed in loess; volcanic ash; colluvium or residuum from basalt, tuff or andesite; or alluvium. Subsurface layers are formed in alluvial or lacustrine deposits. The surface horizon is typically a loam or silt loam between 10 and 25 inches thick and may be very gravelly. The subsurface horizon is typically a silty clay or clay but may range to a coarser sandy loam and exhibit a stony or gravelly coarse fragment modifier. During wet periods, soils are unstable due to prolonged saturated conditions. The erosion potential is moderate to severe.
Table 5. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Volcanic ash – volcanic rock
(2) Colluvium – volcanic rock
(3) Residuum – volcanic rock
(4) Alluvium – volcanic and metamorphic rock
(5) Lacustrine deposits
Surface texture (1) Gravelly sandy clay loam
(2) Gravelly loam
(3) Very stony very fine sandy loam
(4) Extremely stony coarse sandy loam
Family particle size (1) Coarse-loamy
(2) Loamy
(3) Loamy-skeletal
(4) Sandy-skeletal
Drainage class Somewhat poorly drained Permeability class Slow to rapid Depth to restrictive layer 40 – 80 in Soil depth 40 – 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 45 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 45 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)1.8 – 5.8 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)5.8 – 7.8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(4-60in)5 – 50 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(4-60in)0 – 25 % Table 6. Representative soil features (actual values)
Drainage class Well drained to somewhat poorly drained Permeability class Not specified Depth to restrictive layer 0 in Soil depth 0 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)0 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)0 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(4-60in)0 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(4-60in)0 % Ecological dynamics
In its reference state, this site is dominated by tufted hairgrass with cover ranging from 25 – 100%. Common forbs found on this site may include common camas (Camassia quamash ssp. Breviflora), tall groundsel (Senecio hydrophiloides), american bistort (Polygonum bistortoides), slender cinquefoil (Potentilla gracilis), and alpine leafybract aster (Symphyotrichum foliaceum). Common graminoids may include baltic rush (Juncus balticus), smallwing sedge (Carex microptera), Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrascensis), and alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum). Bareground is low and litter cover is high. In soils with cobbly or stony subsurface horizons or on terrace positions, shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa subsp. Floribunda) may be common.
Production of tufted hairgrass is dependent on the extent and duration of subsurface water flows. Within the range of this site, increased subsurface flows and higher water tables favor sedges over tufted hairgrass. Dominance of sedges and persistent water tables over 30cm indicate a Wet Meadow site rather than a Moist Meadow site. Production may decrease on the upper end of watersheds where perennial streams change to ephemeral, and in bottomland areas receiving limited subsurface flows.
Historically, the ecological dynamics of the site would have been influenced largely by climate cycles affecting seasonal snowpack, runoff, droughts and flood. These processes would have been partly controlled by the type and cover of upland and forest vegetation throughout the watershed which would have modified water capture, storage and sediment supply. These upland dynamics would have been altered by historical fire regimes and subsequently vegetation succession, erosion and runoff. Beaver also had widespread impacts on water table depth and seasonality, frequency and duration of ponding and flooding, and stream channel structure.
Prolonged disturbance by grazing animals will favor a decrease in tufted hairgrass and an increase in sedges, rushes, non-native grasses and some forbs. Impactful In this condition, non-native meadow grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), common timothy (Phleum pretense), and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) are commonly found. Forbs that may increase include long-stalk clover (Trifolium longipes), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and western mountain aster (Symphyotrichum spathulatum). Prolonged improperly managed livestock grazing will increase bareground, erosion and pedestalling, and decrease litter cover. The site may also be invaded by exotic annual grasses and forbs and exotic taprooted perennials such as Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense).
Where sites are connected to stream networks, these impacts may lead to decreased streambank stability and eventually degradation of stream channels. Overtime, with increased depth and incision of channels, water tables may drop and floodplains may become disconnected from stream courses. If these effects are not mitigated, floodplains may convert to abandoned terraces and vegetation may shift to drought adapted perennial grasses such as bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and shrubs such as big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata). High energy runoff events will accelerate this transition if banks have been destabilized by loss of vegetation. Site hydrology may also be altered by modifications to the stream channel by disturbances such as impoundment, removal of beaver, flow alteration for irrigation, channel realignment or terrace modifications for agricultural use. Chanel straightening, deepening and drainage practices may be implemented to convert the site to agricultural use or facilitate transportation corridors. These impacts may be less common in these higher elevation meadows compared to low elevation bottom lands. When implemented, these land uses often increase stream gradients, decrease sinuosity and increase channel depths, leading to disconnected floodplains overtime.
Emerging evidence suggests that montane meadows are experiencing conifer encroachment within the last century. Hypotheses for processes driving these vegetation changes range from climate cycles, alterations in fire regime and reductions in sheep grazing. While much of this site have soil moisture too high to accommodate significant conifer encroachment, populations of conifers such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and grand fir (Abies grandis) may become established due to climate or altered disturbance regimes.
This site may be vulnerable to alterations in surface and ground water hydrology as a result of climate change. Snowpack is expected to decline across the mountains of Oregon with a warming climate (Mote et al. 2005) and shifts from snow to rain is expected to be most pronounced at middle elevations of the Cascade and Blue Mountains. Research suggests that expected shifts in precipitation timing and type will have far reaching effects on blue mountain riparian, wetland and ground-water-dependent ecosystems and that wet meadows may experience shifts in dominant vegetation as a result of altered water tables (Dwire et al 2018). The state and transition model below does not take into account the potential impacts of a changing climate and instead represents an approximation of ecological dynamics resulting from a simplified model of this meadow system. Further work is needed to better understand community response to climate shifts as well as the existence of alternative states and plant communities that may exist within these states.State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
T1A - Invasion of non-native meadow grasses T2A - Sustained improperly managed T2B - Hydrologic alteration R3A - Rehabilitation actions T3A - Major hydrologic alteration R4A - Rehabilitation actions R4B - Rehabilitation actions and significant elapsed time State 1
ReferenceThis represents the historical reference state in pristine conditions. Variability in depth to water table and seasonal fluctuations support native facultative wetland vegetation and vegetated communities include all historical functional and structural groups. The historical disturbance regime is intact and driven primarily by climate which influences drought and flood cycles. The resilience and resistance of the site is bolstered by negative feedbacks between vegetation establishment and hydrologic processes that maintains a dynamic equilibrium with geomorphological processes.
Dominant plant species
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shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa), shrub
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tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), grass
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arctic rush (Juncus arcticus), grass
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Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrascensis), grass
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smallwing sedge (Carex microptera), grass
State 2
Current PotentialThis state is similar to the reference state yet includes a component of non-native species such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), common timothy (Phleum pretense), and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). Ecological process and function have not been altered fundamentally by this low level of invasion, yet resistance and resilience are decreased. Erosion processes are still within a historical range of variation, yet with continued vegetation loss the site risks a transition to an alternative state. Variability in depth to water table and seasonal fluctuations support native vegetation and vegetated communities include all historical functional and structural groups, yet composition and richness may be reduced. The historical disturbance regime is intact and driven primarily by climate which influences drought and flood cycles. The resilience and resistance of the site is bolstered by negative feedbacks between vegetation establishment and hydrologic processes that maintains a dynamic equilibrium with geomorphological processes. This state is common due to widespread invasion of non-native meadow grasses in the Western US.
Dominant plant species
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tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), grass
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arctic rush (Juncus arcticus), grass
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Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrascensis), grass
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smallwing sedge (Carex microptera), grass
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Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), grass
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timothy (Phleum pratense), grass
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meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), grass
State 3
Moderately Stable Banks, Altered CompositionSoil compaction, trampling and sustained overutilization has altered vegetated composition and increased bare ground. Relative to the current potential state, composition of wetland facultative species has been altered and may include a greater composition of forbs such as long-stalk clover and western mountain aster. Much of the tufted hairgrass cover has been replaced by non-native grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, timothy and meadow foxtail. The state may also be invaded by exotic annual grasses and forbs and exotic taprooted perennials such as Canada thistle. Soil erosion and vegetation pedestalling is often present. Banks are moderately stable, hydrology may be altered, with somewhat lowered water tables. This state may also include scenarios where an entrenched, confined floodplain has developed following restoration of an incised reach (from state 4 via restoration pathway 4.2).
Dominant plant species
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Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), grass
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timothy (Phleum pratense), grass
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meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), grass
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tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), grass
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western mountain aster (Symphyotrichum spathulatum), other herbaceous
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clover (Trifolium), other herbaceous
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Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), other herbaceous
State 4
Unstable Banks, Entrenched Channel, Disconnected FloodplainWhere this site is hydrologically dependent on a stream network, sustained disturbance may lead to unstable stream banks and entrenched channels. Primary floodplains will become disconnected from the channel and evolve into terraces with significantly lowered water tables. This will often lead to the replacement of facultative wetland species such as tufted hairgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with drought adapted bunchgrasses and shrubs. Plant communities within this state will vary and may depend on adjacent vegetation types, water table levels, past disturbance history, drought and current management.
Dominant plant species
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big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), shrub
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bluegrass (Poa), grass
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fescue (Festuca), grass
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Invasion of non-native meadow grasses into the site.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Sustained improperly managed grazing during times of year when soils are most susceptible to compaction, and when sedges are most prone to damage by trampling and over utilization.
Transition T2B
State 2 to 4This transition may be the result of several disturbances that lower water tables beyond depths that support facultative wetland vegetation, alter sediment supply and transport leading to scouring and channel incision, or directly increase flow velocities or flashiness. These may include: alteration of streamflow by irrigation or impoundment leading to a lowering of the water table during times of year when riparian woody vegetation is dependent; prolonged improperly managed livestock grazing; removal of beaver; direct manipulation of channel morphology (namely straightening for agricultural or development purposes); removal of large woody debris or large woody debris sources, from channels or adjacent forests and significant alterations of upland watershed vegetation altering peak discharge or sediment loads.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 2Restoration of hydrologic and biotic process and function through rehabilitation of channel and vegetation structure may be possible but will require considerable inputs, time and cost. This may require the placement of large woody debris, creation or removal of impoundments, alteration of water withdrawals, management changes to adjacent agricultural or grazing practices, or mechanical manipulation of stream channel courses among other intensive interventions. Restoration options will be highly site specific and may not be possible in many circumstances.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 4This transition may be the result of several disturbances that lower water tables beyond depths that support facultative wetland vegetation, alter sediment supply and transport leading to scouring and channel incision, or directly increase flow velocities or flashiness. These may include: alteration of streamflow by irrigation or impoundment leading to a lowering of the water table during times of year when riparian woody vegetation is dependent; prolonged improperly managed livestock grazing; removal of beaver; direct manipulation of channel morphology (namely straightening for agricultural or development purposes); removal of large woody debris or large woody debris sources, from channels or adjacent forests and significant alterations of upland watershed vegetation altering peak discharge or sediment loads.
Restoration pathway R4A
State 4 to 2Restoration of hydrologic and biotic process and function through rehabilitation of channel and vegetation structure may be possible but will require considerable inputs, time and cost. This may require the placement of large woody debris, creation or removal of impoundments, alteration of water withdrawals, management changes to adjacent agricultural or grazing practices, or mechanical manipulation of stream channel courses among other intensive interventions. Restoration options will be highly site specific and may not be possible in many circumstances.
Restoration pathway R4B
State 4 to 3Given time, if channel disturbances are removed and natural channel evolution processes are allowed to take place, the stream will form an entrenched floodplain at a lower depth than the original. The original floodplain will remain an elevated terrace, perched above the newly forming floodplain and supporting a lowered water table and drought adapted plant species. The resulting riparian area will be more confined and of significantly less extent than originally. The capacity of the basin to capture and regulate water will be reduced considerably.
Additional community tables
Interpretations
Supporting information
References
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1980. Fire Effects Information System. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
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. 2021 (Date accessed). USDA PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov.
Other references
Anderson, Michelle D. 2001. Dasiphora fruticosa subsp. floribunda. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/dasfruf/all.html [2020, October 21].
Crowe, 1., Clausnitzer, R., & States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region, U. (1997). Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Malheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests. Umatilla National Forest, Wallowa County, Oregon, United States: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest.
Crowe, E., Kovalchik, B., Kerr, M., Natural Heritage Information Center, O., & for Natural Resources, I. 2004. Riparian and wetland vegetation of central and eastern Oregon. : Oregon
Natural Heritage Information Center.
Dwire, K. A., Sabine Mellmann-Brown, Joseph T. Gurrieri, Potential effects of climate change on riparian areas, wetlands, and groundwater-dependent ecosystems in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, USA, Climate Services, Volume 10, 2018, Pages 44-52, ISSN 2405-8807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2017.10.002.
Halpern, C.B., Antos, J.A., Rice, J.M., Haugo, R.D. and Lang, N.L. (2010), Tree invasion of a montane meadow complex: temporal trends, spatial patterns, and biotic interactions. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21: 717-732. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01183.x
Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. 2004. Classification and management
of aquatic, riparian, and wetland sites on the national forests of eastern Washington:
series descripton. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-593. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 354 p. In cooperation
with: Pacific Northwest Region, Colville, Okanogan, and Wenatchee National Forests.
Montgomery. D. R., and J. M. Buffington. 1998. Channel processes, classification, and response in R. J. Naiman and R. E. Bilby (eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer, New York, NY. Pages 13-42
Mote, P.W., Hamlet, A.F., Clark, M.P., Lettenmaier, D.P., 2005. Declining mountain
snowpack in western North America. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 39–49.
Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena, 22, 169−199.
Stringham, T. , & Repp, J. 2010. Ecological site descriptions: Consideration for riparian systems. Rangelands, 32(6), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.2111/Rangelands-D-10-00085.1
USNVC [United States National Vegetation Classification]. 2020. United States National Vegetation Classification Database, V2.03. Federal Geographic Data Committee, Vegetation Subcommittee, Washington DC. [http://usnvc.org/ accessed 9/25/2020}
Walsh, Roberta A. 1995. Deschampsia cespitosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/desces/all.html [2020, October 21].Contributors
Andrew Neary - Original concept for 2020 PES initiative
Approval
Kirt Walstad, 2/12/2025
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 02/12/2025 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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