Cool Moist Conifer Mountains and Plateaus (PSME-PIPO/CARU)

Description

The historical reference state existed across the landscape as a spatially complex forest mosaic of plant communities in various stages of development and with varying composition. The most common expression was the mature open canopy stand, yet young open canopy stands were also common. Closed canopy conditions were less common due to site productivity and conditions favoring short intervals between mixed and low severity fire.

At the landscape scale, these historic stand structures were represented by a combination of patch openings, clumpy (dense or overstocked) tree groups which were often pole size or smaller, and as well-spaced mature overstory trees encompassing larger stand groups. A wide range of conifer establishment and expression was possible due to the influence of a mixed fire regime. Following a disturbance in which large representatives of individual conifers were eliminated, the key to conifer re-establishment in the reference state relied on the recruitment of seed from adjacent sites, or from the few remnant surviving seed bearing sources. In a replacement fire of an older, mature stand, the trees that did survive tended to be the mature and over-mature early seral species because they have the most resistance to fire induced mortality.

Dominant plant species

1. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), tree

2. ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), tree

3. grand fir (Abies grandis), tree

4. common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shrub

5. pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), grass

6. elk sedge (Carex garberi), grass

Submodel

Description

Conditions favorable to the development of this alternative state began to occur within the Reference State around the turn of the twentieth century. The impacts of fire exclusion, a management goal of post-European settlers and land managers, allowed many stands to progress without the natural occurrence of any fire, including frequent surface fires. The ecologic benefits of the low intensity fires were lost. Fire suppression shifted the age expression and density of the younger stands and changed the composition of understory vegetation, leading to reduced spatial variation. Fuel levels and fuel stratum layers increased, shifting the fire regime/condition class toward a greater likelihood of stand replacement fire episodes.

The overall consequences of the changes to the forest structure and function due to the combined management actions in the last century are:

INCREASED
• Stand Density
• Shift towards mid and late seral species
• Amount of understory and secondary stand levels of conifers
• Fuel loads and risk of catastrophic high severity fires

DECREASED
• Large old pine and other fire adapted early seral species
• Regeneration of early seral species
• Habit for species of open stands of old pine forests
• Decreased levels of snags and large organic debris
• Reduction in soil quality due to loss of soil wood and organic matter
• Decrease in genetic variation of early seral species

Dominant plant species

1. grand fir (Abies grandis), tree

2. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), tree

3. ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), tree

4. common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shrub

5. pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), grass

6. elk sedge (Carex garberi), grass

Submodel

Description

State 3 represents conditions immediately following a catastrophic, stand replacement fire. These types of fires, when they occurred within the historic context of the reference state, transitioned the stand to this alternative state if and when the vast majority of the cone producing conifers were eliminated by the fire, and when other sources of conifer recruitment are also absent (i.e. resulting in unstocked stand conditions). State 3 would infer a much longer post-fire stand recovery period compared to situations that normally existed in the reference state (where older relict, seed producing early and mid-seral seed sources existed). The basic natural resource values (especially soil quality) were generally preserved or quickly restored in these instances.

State 3 could also result from catastrophic stand replacement fires that originate from conditions found in alternative state 2.1 and 4.1 (as shown on the state and transition diagram by the T2A and T4A transition symbols). The destructive heat generated impacts of these events are much greater than naturally occurring replacement fires, and in these instances the basic natural resource values (plants, animals, hydrology and especially soil quality elements) have been degraded and are very slow to recover. Natural sources for conifer recruitment are absent.

Dominant plant species

1. spirea (Spiraea), shrub

2. common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shrub

3. serviceberry (Amelanchier), shrub

4. pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), grass

5. elk sedge (Carex garberi), grass

6. heartleaf arnica (Arnica cordifolia), grass

7. common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), grass

8. lupine (Lupinus), grass

Submodel

Description

This state may seem to mimic the conditions of Alternative state 3.1 in that forest stocking is virtually non-existent, but the underlying cause leading to the unstocked condition and the recovery options are vastly different. In this state, immediate restoration by planting is not feasible because the root mass is still active in the soil, and young developing conifer seedlings will succumb to root disease mortality in a short period of time. Poorer quality sites are at greater risk of root disease occurrence and impacts, and species such as grand fir and Douglas-fir are most susceptible. Note that Alternative State 4.1 is at risk of catastrophic wildfire while fuel levels are in excess, which would transition the site to Alternative State 3.1 (by way of T4A.).

Dominant plant species

1. ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), tree

2. western larch (Larix occidentalis), tree

3. common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shrub

4. spirea (Spiraea), shrub

5. serviceberry (Amelanchier), shrub

6. pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), grass

7. elk sedge (Carex garberi), grass

Submodel