General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 233X–Upper Kobuk and Koyukuk Hills and Valleys

The Upper Kobuk and Koyukuk Hills and Valleys MLRA (herein called area) occurs in Interior Alaska. This area makes up 8,405 square miles. The largest tributaries are the Kobuk and the Koyukuk Rivers. Major tributaries of the Kobuk are the Reed, Beaver, Mauneluk, and Pau Rivers. Major tributaries of the Koyukuk River are the Alatna, John, and Kanuti Rivers. This area is primarily undeveloped wildland and sparsely populated. The communities within or near this area are Bettles, Kobuk, and Shungnak.

The terrain of this area consists of broad, nearly level river valleys and basins and rolling uplands separated by isolated hills and low rounded mountains. In the river valleys, nearly level flood plains and stream terraces gradually transition to gently sloping to moderately steep slopes leading to the hills and mountains. Basins are on the Pau River Flats between the eastern Zane and Lockwood Hills, on the Kanuti Flats between the Kanuti and Koyukuk Rivers, and along the middle reaches of the Hogatza River. Basins and stream terraces are dotted with hundreds of lakes and interconnecting wetlands. Elevation ranges from about 150 feet in the western part of the area, at the confluence of the Kobuk and Mauneluk Rivers, to 4,765 feet at the summit of Fritts Mountain, in the Angaycuham Mountains.

Geology and Soils

The northern part of the area was covered repeatedly by Pleistocene glaciers originating in the Brooks Range to the north. Slightly modified to highly modified moraines and drift cover many of the rolling uplands. Glacial ice flowed over most of the hills and low mountains, removing existing deposits and leaving a thin layer of glacial deposits. Today, the lower mountain slopes, hills, and valley bottoms are covered with a variety of material, including glacial drift, colluvium, slope alluvium, fluvial deposits, and silty loess. In the southern part of the area, basins and valleys are filled with Quaternary glaciofluvial and fluvial deposits. Hills and upland slopes are covered with bedrock colluvium and slope alluvium, which are mantled with loess in places. The bedrock geology underlying much of the area consists dominantly of Permian through Lower Cretaceous stratified sedimentary and volcanic rocks.

This area is in the zone of discontinuous permafrost. Permafrost is close to the surface in lands with finer textured sediments throughout the area. Isolated masses of ground ice occur on terraces and the lower side slopes of hills. Permafrost does not occur on flood plains, on steep south-facing slopes, or other lands with very gravelly soils. Periglacial features, such as thermokarst pits, peat plateaus, and earth hummocks, are on the lower hill and mountain slopes and in upland valleys.

The dominant soil orders in this area are Gelisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. The Gelisols are shallow or moderately deep to permafrost, occur on finer textured sediments, and are poorly drained or very poorly drained. Common Gelisol suborders are Histels, Orthels, and Turbels. The Histels have thick accumulations of surface organic material and occur in depressions, lake margins, and peat plateau. The Orthels and Turbels have comparably thinner surface organic material and occur on stream terraces and hill and upland slopes. The Inceptisols and Entisols are typically associated with gravelly soils that do not have permafrost within their profile, are deep, and are somewhat poorly drained to well drained. The common Inceptisol suborders are Cryepts and Gelepts both of which occur on upland and mountain slopes. Cryepts occur under forested soils at lower elevations and Gelepts on alpine tundra at higher elevations. Common Entisol suborders are Cryofluvents and Cryorthents both of which occur on alluvium on flood plains. Miscellaneous (non-soil) areas make up about 8 percent of this MLRA. The most common are rock outcrop, rubble land, and water.

Wildfires disturb the insulating organic material at the soil surface and can change the presence and/or depth of permafrost in the soil profile. These fire related changes to permafrost can also change the depth and presence of perched water tables. Gelisols that burn in this area can change soil taxonomic classification. For instance, depending on fire-severity, Histels may change to Orthels and Orthels may change to Inceptisols. Depending on the frequency and intensity of fires, landform position, and soil texture, the soils may or may not revert back to their original taxonomic classification.

Climate

Short, warm summers and long, cold winters characterize the continental subarctic climate of the area. The average annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 19 inches on valley bottoms and basins and from 19 to 26 inches at the higher elevations in the hills and mountains (PRISM 2018). Most of the precipitation falls as rain between May and September. The average annual snowfall ranges from 65 to 80 inches. The average annual temperature is 22 to 24 degrees Fahrenheit (PRISM 2018). The temperature normally remains above freezing from mid-June through August in river valleys and basins with a freeze-free period ranging from 109 to 125 days. The free-free period is significantly shorter on higher elevation mountain slopes.

Vegetation

Most of this area is forested below an elevation of 1600 feet. Dominant tree species on slopes are white spruce and black spruce. Black spruce stands dominate on north-facing slopes, stream terraces, and other sites with poor drainage and permafrost. White spruce stands dominate on steep, south-facing slopes with dry soils. At lower elevations, lightning-caused wildfires are common, often burning many thousands of acres during a single fire event. Following wildfires, forbs, grasses, willow, ericaceous shrubs, paper birch, and quacking aspen communities are common until they are eventually replaced by stands of spruce. Tall willow and alder scrub is extensive on low flood plains. White spruce and balsam poplar are common on high flood plains.

With increasing elevation, the forests and woodlands give way to subalpine communities dominated by krummholz spruce, shrub birch, willow, and ericaceous shrubs. At even higher elevations, alpine communities prevail which are characterized by diverse forbs, dwarf ericaceous shrubs, and eightpetal mountain-avens. Many of these high elevation communities have a considerable amount of lichen cover and bare ground.

LRU notes

In this area, we refer to three life zones that are defined by the physiological limits of plant communities along an elevational gradient: boreal, subalpine, and alpine. The boreal life zone is the elevational band where forest communities dominate. Not all areas in the boreal life zone are forest communities, however, particularly in places with too wet or dry soil to support tree growth (e.g., bogs or river bluffs). Above the boreal band of elevation, subalpine and alpine vegetation dominate. The subalpine zone is a narrow transitional band between the boreal and the alpine life zones, and is characterized by sparse, stunted trees that can be considered tree line. In the subalpine, certain types of birch and willow shrub species grow at greater than or equal to one meter in height (commonly Betula glandulosa and Salix pulchra). In the alpine, trees no longer occur, and all shrubs are dwarf or lay prostrate on the ground. In this area, the boreal life zone occurs below 1600 feet elevation on average. The transition between boreal and subalpine vegetation can occur within a range of approximately 350 feet of elevation, and is highly dependent on slope, aspect, and shading from adjacent mountains.

Within each life zone, there are plant assemblages that are associated with cold slopes and warm slopes. Cold slopes and warm slopes are created by the combination of the steepness of the slope, the aspect, and shading from surrounding ridges and mountains. Warm slope positions occur on southeast to west facing slopes that are moderate to very steep (greater than 10 percent slope) and are not shaded by the surrounding landscape. Cold slopes occur on northwest to east facing slopes, occur in shaded slope positions, or occur in low-lying areas that are cold air sinks. Examples of shaded positions include head slopes, low relief backslopes of hills, and the base of hills and mountains shaded by adjacent mountain peaks. Warm boreal slope soils have a cryic soil temperature regime and lack permafrost. In this area, white spruce forests are an indicator of warm boreal slopes. Cold boreal slope soils have a gelic soil temperature regime and commonly have permafrost. In this area, black spruce forests and woodlands are an indicator of cold boreal slopes. The boreal life zone can occur at higher elevations on warm slopes, and lower elevations on cold slopes.

Classification relationships

Landfire BPS – 16030 – Western North American Boreal Mesic Black Spruce Forest – Boreal (Landfire 2009)
Landfire BPS – 16050 – Western North American Boreal Mesic Birch-Aspen Forest (Landfire 2009)

Ecological site concept

- Occurs in the boreal life zone on warm slopes of hills, plains, and mountains.
- Ponding and flooding do not occur.
- Soils formed in a thick layer of windblown silts over gravelly colluvium and/or gravelly till.
- Soils are very deep without permafrost. Restrictions occur at very shallow to moderate depths that result in a perched water table. These moist soils are considered somewhat poorly drained.
- The reference plant community is open needleleaf forest with white spruce and black spruce as codominant trees. Multiple plant communities occur within the reference state related to wildfire.

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species