General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 220X–Alexander Archipelago-Gulf of Alaska Coast

The Alexander Archipelago-Gulf of Alaska Coast area consists of a narrow arc of islands and lower elevation coastal mountains in the Southern Alaska Region. This area spans from the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska, north and west along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound, and further west to the southern tip of the Kenai Peninsula and the northeastern islands of the Kodiak Archipelago. The area makes up about 27,435 square miles (USDA 2006). The terrain primarily consists of low to moderate relief mountains that are deeply incised. Throughout the area glaciers, rivers, and streams have cut deep, narrow to broad valleys. The broader valleys have nearly level to strongly sloping flood plains and stream terraces. Alluvial and colluvial fans and short footslopes are common in the valleys along the base of the mountains. Rocky headlands, sea cliffs, estuaries, and beaches are common along the coast.



During the late Pleistocene epoch, the entire area was covered with glacial ice. The numerous fjords of the Alexander Archipelago and Prince William Sound were formed chiefly as a result of glacial scouring and deepening of preglacial river valleys. Most glacial deposits have been eroded away or buried by mountain colluvium and alluvium, which cover about 90 percent of the present landscape. The remaining glacial and glaciofluvial deposits are generally restricted to coastal areas. During the Holocene epoch, volcanic activity within and adjacent to this area deposited a layer of volcanic ash of varying thickness on much of the landscape in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the area. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Lower Tertiary stratified sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusive rocks underlie much of the area and are exposed on steep mountain slopes and ridges (USDA 2006).

 

The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Spodosols, Histosols, and Entisols. Soils in the area typically have a cryic soil temperature regime, an udic moisture regime, and have mixed minerology. Spodosols are common on mountains and hills having been formed in gravelly or cobbly colluvium, glacial till, and varying amounts of silty volcanic ash. These Spodosols commonly range from shallow to deep, are well to somewhat poorly drained, and typically classify as Humicryods or Haplocryods. Histosols that are poorly to very poorly drained occur on footslopes, discharge slopes, and valley floors. These wet histosols commonly classify as Cryosaprists, Cryohemists, and Cryofibrists. Histosols that are well drained occur on steep mountainsides. These dry Histosols commonly classify as Cryofolists. Entisols are common on flood plains, stream terraces, and outwash plains having been formed in silty, sandy, and gravelly to cobbly alluvium. These Entisols are generally deep, range from well to somewhat poorly drained, and commonly classify as Cryaquents and Cryofluvents. Miscellaneous (nonsoil) areas make up about 23 percent of this MLRA. The most common miscellaneous areas are chutes, rock outcrop, rubble land, beaches, riverwash, and water.

 

This area represents the Northern extent of the Pacific temperate rainforest and is characterized by productive stands of conifers. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the dominant trees on mountains and hills at lower elevations. Due to warmer temperatures, western red cedar and Alaska cedar are more prevalent in the southern portion of this area. Black cottonwood and mixed forest types occur on flood plains. Areas of peat and other sites that are too wet for forest growth support sedge-grass meadows and low scrub. As elevation increases, mountain hemlock becomes the dominant tree in forested stands, which marks the transition to subalpine vegetation. The subalpine life zone typically occurs at elevations between 1500 to 3000 feet (Boggs et al. 2010, Carstensen 2007, Martin et al. 1995). Other common subalpine plant communities include tall alder scrub and bluejoint-forb meadows. Alpine vegetation occurs at even higher elevations, which marks the transition to the Southern Alaska Coastal Mountains Area (MLRA 222).



This area includes the Municipality of Juneau, Alaska's capital, and a number of smaller coastal towns and villages. Federally administered lands within this MLRA include Admiralty Island National Monument and part of Misty Fjords National Monument, Tongass National Forest, Chugach National Forest, and Glacier Bay, Wrangell-St. Elias, and Kenai Fjords National Parks and Preserves. The southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline is in Valdez.



For many decades, logging, commercial fishing, and mining have been the primary industrial land uses throughout much of the area. In recent years, changes in public interests, land use policies, and timber economics have contributed to a significant decline in the timber industry. Commercial fishing continues to be an important industry and most communities support a fleet of boats and fishing related facilities. A number of mines operate in the area and others have been prospected and proposed. Tourism and wildland recreation are becoming increasingly important within the area. Subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering provide food and a variety of other resources to local residents and remain the principal economy for residents of remote villages.

Classification relationships

National Vegetation Classification – Ecological Systems: Alaskan Pacific Maritime Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Woodland (CES204.143) (NatureServe 2015)

Alaskan Vegetation Classification: Mountain Hemlock Dwarf Tree Scrub (Viereck et al. 1992)

Ecological site concept

This subalpine site occurs on mountain slopes at the highest subalpine bands of elevation before the true alpine life zone. This site has a harsh climate where trees are often stunted and grow in patches. This site occurs on concave slopes that are thought to collect snowdrifts and result in deep snow beds that persist into the growing season. In addition, these concave slopes result in wet soil. The soils have a water table for much of the growing season and are somewhat poorly to poorly drained. These wet soils are typically gravelly Spodosols formed in colluvium and/or weathered residuum. Some soils are shallow with bedrock occurring at a depth of 20 inches, while other soils are deep lacking any bedrock in the soil profile.



The reference plant community is a krummholz woodland dominated by coniferous trees, ericaceous shrubs, and wetland indicator plant species. Mountain hemlock is the dominant tree on the site (Martin et al. 1995). The understory vegetation is a mixture of species common in subalpine and alpine plant communities. Common understory plants include copperbush, yellow mountainheath, blueberry, and dear cabbage (Martin et al. 1995, Landfire 2009). The primary disturbance processes that maintain this plant community are exposure to cold temperatures, wind, snowpack creep, and avalanches (Carstensen 2007, NatureServe 2018).

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species