Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R150AY526TX
Southern Blackland
Last updated: 9/22/2023
Accessed: 09/13/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 150A–Gulf Coast Prairies
MLRA 150A is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain in Texas (83 percent) and Louisiana (17 percent). It makes up about 16,365 square miles (42,410 square kilometers). It is characterized by nearly level plains that have low local relief and are dissected by rivers and streams that flow toward the Gulf of Mexico. Elevation ranges from sea level to about 165 feet (0 to 50 meters) along the interior margin. It includes the towns of Crowley, Eunice, and Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Beaumont, Houston, Bay City, Victoria, Corpus Christi, Robstown, and Kingsville, Texas. Interstates 10 and 45 are in the northeastern part of the area, and Interstate 37 is in the southwestern part. U.S. Highways 90 and 190 are in the eastern part, in Louisiana. U.S. Highway 77 passes through Kingsville, Texas. The Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge and the Fannin Battleground State Historic Site are in the part of the area in Texas.
Classification relationships
USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2006.
-Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 150AEcological site concept
The Southern Blackland ecological site shows an intact grass community with small clumped dispersal of woody species. The soils are very deep, richly black in color, and characterized by their shrink-swell nature. The sites are widely distributed across the uplands and terraces in areas with mean annual precipitation ranging from 32 to 41 inches.
Associated sites
R150AY639TX Clay Loam
The Clay Loam ecological site has very deep clay loam soils and has high vegetative production.
R150AY527TX Clayey Bottomland
The Clayey Bottomland site has very deep, clayey surface textured soils that occur on flood plains. The areas can be flooded and ponded for lengthy durations throughout the year.
R150AY528TX Claypan Prairie
The Claypan Prairie is a grassland site that occurs on nearly level, lower lying areas. Drainage in this site varies. The soils are characterized by a thin layer of fine sandy loam topsoil underlain by deep clay and clay loam subsoils. This site is slightly lower and down-slope of the Blackland site.
R150AY535TX Southern Loamy Prairie
The Southern Loamy Prairie is characterized by very deep loamy soils occurring on uplands. They are vegetatively productive and provide good grazing for livestock. This site is in adjacent areas.
R150AY537TX Lowland
As named, the Lowland ecological site occurs on the lowest part of the landscape. It receives excess water from surround landforms and may stay wet for extended periods throughout the year. This site is located within the Blackland site.
R150AY641TX Lakebed
Lakebeds are shallow depressions that support wet soil plant communities. These sites receive water from surrounding upland sites following heavy rainfall events and can remain ponded for long periods.
Similar sites
R150AY740TX Northern Blackland
The Northern Blackland ecological site shows an intact grass community with small clumped dispersal of woody species. The soils are very deep, richly black in color, and characterized by their shrink-swell nature. The sites are widely distributed across the uplands and terraces throughout the region. The site is correlated to areas with mean annual rainfall that ranges from 48 to 57 inches.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Schizachyrium scoparium
(2) Sorghastrum nutansPhysiographic features
The Southern Blackland site in MRLA 150A was formed by clayey fluviodeltaic sediments in the Beaumont Formation of Late Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on the South Texas coastal plain. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent but can range as high as 8 percent. Runoff is medium on 0 to 1 percent, high on 1 to 3 percent, and very high on slopes greater than 3 percent. Undisturbed areas exhibit gilgai microrelief. Elevation ranges from 15 to 230 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Coastal plain > Flat > Gilgai
Runoff class Medium to very high Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 15 – 230 ft Slope 0 – 8 % Water table depth 60 – 80 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
The climate of MLRA 150A is humid subtropical with mild winters. The average annual precipitation in the northern two-thirds of this area is 45 to 63 inches. It is 28 inches at the extreme southern tip of the area and 30 to 45 inches in the southwestern third of the area. The precipitation is fairly evenly distributed, but it is slightly higher in late summer and midsummer in the western part of the area and slightly higher in winter in the eastern part. Rainfall typically occurs as moderate intensity, tropical storms that produce large amounts of rain during the winter. The average annual temperature is 66 to 72 degrees F. The freeze-free period averages 325 days and ranges from 290 to 365 days, increasing in length to the southwest.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 250-280 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 370 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 30-40 in Frost-free period (actual range) 240-370 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 370 days Precipitation total (actual range) 30-40 in Frost-free period (average) 280 days Freeze-free period (average) 370 days Precipitation total (average) 40 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 4. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 5. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 6. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 7 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) BEEVILLE CHASE NAAS [USW00012925], Beeville, TX
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(2) CORPUS CHRISTI [USW00012924], Corpus Christi, TX
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(3) KINGSVILLE NAAS [USW00012928], Kingsville, TX
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(4) POINT COMFORT [USC00417140], Port Lavaca, TX
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(5) REFUGIO 2 NW [USC00417533], Refugio, TX
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(6) REFUGIO 3 SW [USC00417530], Refugio, TX
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(7) ROBSTOWN [USC00417677], Robstown, TX
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(8) SINTON [USC00418354], Sinton, TX
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(9) VICTORIA FIRE DEPT #5 [USC00419361], Victoria, TX
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(10) VICTORIA RGNL AP [USW00012912], Victoria, TX
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(11) VICTORIA RGNL AP [USC00419367], Victoria, TX
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(12) WELDER WILDLIFE FNDN [USC00419559], Sinton, TX
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(13) BISHOP [USC00410805], Bishop, TX
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(14) C C BOTANICAL GARDENS [USC00412013], Corpus Christi, TX
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(15) PORT LAVACA [USC00417183], Port Lavaca, TX
">Influencing water features
Water enters the soil rapidly when it is dry and cracked, and very slowly when it is wet and sealed. The site does not have a water table near the surface. No ponding or flooding is expected for this site.
Wetland description
This site has non-hydric soils. A few sites may have small areas of hydric soils that are mostly water holding depressions. Onsite investigation is necessary to determine exact local conditions.
Soil features
Southern Blackland consist of very deep, moderately well to well drained, very slowly permeable, slightly acid to moderately alkaline soils. The surface color is black to very dark gray. Soils correlated to this site include: Banquete, Contee, Dacosta, Laewest, and Victoria series.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Fluviomarine deposits – igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock
Surface texture (1) Clay
(2) Sandy clay loam
(3) Clay loam
Family particle size (1) Fine
Drainage class Moderately well drained to well drained Permeability class Slow to very slow Soil depth 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" Not specified Surface fragment cover >3" Not specified Available water capacity
(0-60in)7 – 11 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-60in)0 – 10 % Electrical conductivity
(0-20in)0 – 2 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-20in)0 – 10 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-60in)6.1 – 8.4 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(20-60in)0 – 2 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)Not specified Ecological dynamics
The reference plant communities of the Blackland are stable tall and midgrass prairies that were in dynamic equilibrium with the ecological forces that formed them. These forces included grazing by native wild herbivores, natural and anthropogenic fire, and periodic drought and wet cycles. Bison were the primary large ungulates that grazed but companion species included antelope and whitetail deer. The typical bison grazing pattern was short but very intense, followed by total deferment until herds migrated back into the area. Long deferments allowed the tallgrasses time to recover carbohydrate reserves and produce a seed crop. A fire regime and frequency of 3 to 8 years was likely and was a more important factor in shaping this prairie than was grazing.
The plant community for this site is dominated by tall and midgrasses. Major tallgrass species included big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), yellow Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), and Florida paspalum (Paspalum floridanum). Dominant midgrass species were little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), brownseed paspalum (Paspalum plicatulum), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and meadow dropseed (Sporobolus compositus). Perennial forbs that were important to the site included sensitivebriars (Mimosa spp.), bundleflower (Desmanthus spp.), snoutbean (Rhynchosia spp), and gayfeather (Liatris spp.). Annual forbs occurred on this site in relatively high numbers in wet years and following intense grazing events by bison. Woody plants are nearly excluded from this site by competition from grasses and periodic intense fires. It should be noted however that some early accounts of this area showed a variable scattering of mesquite, live oak, and hackberry trees across the landscape. This is in keeping with the definition of true prairie which allows some large trees to be present but not enough to be termed savannah. The micro-highs and micro lows (gilgai micro-relief) on this site contribute to the diverse plant community. The micro highs are slightly drier and the micro lows slightly wetter. More wet-tolerant vegetation grows on the lower portions of the site while less wet-tolerant vegetation grows on the slightly higher portions of the site.
With the introduction of wild longhorn cattle in the late 1700’s and domestic cattle in the 1820’s, an era of heavy grazing began. During the Spanish Mission era of the 1600 to 1700’s, vast herds of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were used for meat production for the missions. With no fences, these were free-roaming herds and animals could run free, and many escaped. Some portion of these herds took the place of bison once they were extirpated. This heavy grazing was exacerbated with the introduction of barbed wire and windmills in the 1880’s. Excessive grazing reduced or eliminated the tallgrass component and some midgrasses. As the site deteriorated, less palatable species such as brownseed paspalum, knotroot bristlegrass (Setaria parviflora), longspike tridens (Tridens strictus), and other shorter species like low panicums and paspalums increased.
As the tall and midgrasses decreased in composition and biomass production decreased, fuel for fires decreased as well, resulting in less frequent and lower intensity fires. Continued overuse of the site by livestock and the cessation of fire allowed woody plants to invade. These woody pioneers included mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), huisache (Acacia farnesiana), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteata), eastern baccharis (Baccharis halamifolia), and Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera). Increases in annual weeds, midgrasses such as three-awns (Aristida spp.), smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and the introduced bluestems (Bothriochloa spp.) also occur.
As thresholds from tall/midgrass prairie to mid/shortgrass prairie to shrub/tree/grassland complex are crossed, changes that have occurred which impact plant composition, biomass production, litter accumulation, and water infiltration and storage. These changes impact other natural ecological functions such as frequency and intensity of fire. The result has been conversion from a true prairie, to a wooded grassland, and eventually a woodland. In the heavily wooded state, total canopy cover may exceed 100 percent due to varying heights and multiple layers of woody species.
The resulting increase in woody cover signifies that thresholds have been crossed. Once these thresholds are crossed, restoration back to the reference plant community becomes more difficult and expensive. Even though the reference community may be restored through the use of a combination of practices, such as mechanical and herbicidal brush management, planned grazing, and fire, this community cannot be maintained without the use of these tools on a frequent basis.State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
T1A - Absence of disturbance and natural regeneration over time T1B - Clearing of native vegetation, followed by planting of improved forage species R2A - Reintroduction of fire and regular disturbance return intervals T2A - Clearing of vegetation, followed by planting improved forage species or annual crops T3A - Absence of disturbance and natural regeneration over time State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
ReferenceThe Reference state is considered to be representative of pre-Euro settlement conditions. Wildfire, periodic drought and wet cycles, and grazing by native herbivores (bison, antelope and whitetail deer)were the major ecological drivers in this state. Under reference conditions wildfire occurred as frequently as every 3 to 8 years. Wildfire was an important disturbance in the reference state and resulted in the dominance of native, warm-season, tallgrasses.
Dominant plant species
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big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), grass
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Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), grass
Community 1.1
Native Tallgrass Prairie CommunityThe Reference Plant Community for the Blackland is a grassland composed of tall and midgrasses. Composition of tallgrasses make up over 60 percent of annual production, midgrasses approximately 30 percent, and associated grasses, forbs, shrubs and woody vines make up the remainder. Historically, bison grazing was intermittent, and fires were both frequent (3 to 8 years) and intense. Annual forbs occur in greater or lesser amounts in response to grazing intensity, fire, drought, or excessive precipitation.
This prairie site was heavily grazed by large numbers of domestic livestock by the late 1800’s. Overgrazing without rest was exacerbated by the introduction of barbed wire fencing and water development. Overgrazing resulted in reduced production of biomass, reduced litter accumulation, loss of tallgrass and some midgrass species and reduction of fire frequency and intensity. Some mid and shortgrasses increased because of this overgrazing and eventually annual forbs and grasses.Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 5850 7200 8550 Shrub/Vine 325 400 475 Forb 325 400 475 Tree 0 0 0 Total 6500 8000 9500 Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). TX7605 , Tallgrass Prairie Community. Prairie community composed of dominant warm-season tallgrasses with some warm-season midgrasses..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 1 1 4 12 24 24 8 5 12 4 3 2 Community 1.2
Tall/Midgrass PrairieThis community develops as heavy grazing removes the tallgrass component of the reference community. As tallgrasses decrease, midgrasses such as little bluestem, sideoats grama, brownseed paspalum, and longspike tridens increase. Reduced fuel loads result in reduced fire frequency and intensity. Annual and perennial forbs often increase because of decreased competition for sunlight and moisture.
Continued heavy grazing over long periods of time further contributes to additional degradation and loss of more palatable midgrasses. Restoration to Community 1.1 is relatively simple and can be accomplished by prescribed grazing with appropriate stocking rates. The use of prescribed fire in conjunction with prescribed grazing enhances the recovery process.Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2Heavy continuous grazing and lack of fire will transition the site to Community 1.2.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1Prescribed grazing with correct stocking rates and a return of fire will transition Community 1.2 back to the reference community.
State 2
EncroachedThe Encroached state is characterized by an increase in long-lived woody plants. Widening of the disturbance return interval has allowed woody plants do dominate the visual aspect of the community, as well as ecological processes. Increasing runoff, reducing infiltration, and changing rates of litter accumulation, nutrient cycling and biomass production.
Dominant plant species
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honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), shrub
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sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana), shrub
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Macartney rose (Rosa bracteata), shrub
Community 2.1
Mesquite/Huisache GrasslandThis community has occurred because of abusive grazing, loss of fire, greatly altered water and energy cycles, and invasion of woody plants. A threshold has been crossed between plant community 1.2 and community 2.1. If prescribed grazing is implemented, fire re-introduced, and seedling woody plants controlled chemically and/or mechanically, this community can be quite productive for cattle and wildlife. This community can also be maintained indefinitely. To do so will require judicious grazing, periodic fire, and almost continuous application of herbicides on an individual plant basis.
The Mesquite/Huisache community in this state will attract different better wildlife species than the previous state because of the increased amount of woody cover and the increased production of both perennial and annual forbs. With increased emphasis on whitetail deer, bobwhite quail, and Rio Grande turkey, many landowners choose to manage this state in this condition. Management such as prescribed fire and individual plant control of woody seedlings is still required if the site is to be maintained in this state.Community 2.2
Mesquite/Huisache ComplexOver time, with continued heavy grazing, no fire, and no brush management, the site will be transformed into a woodland community with heavy influence of mesquite, huisache, and Macartney rose with canopies in excess of 90 percent. The herbaceous community is greatly reduced and is dominated by low panicums, paspalums, Texas wintergrass, gaping panicum, bentgrass, sedges, and annual forbs.
Major inputs, both chemical and mechanical, are required to restore this community to a grassland or a savannah state. A common practice is the use of aerial applied herbicides to reduce the canopy, allow sunlight to penetrate to the soil surface, and grow enough herbaceous fuel loads for suitable burning. Aerial spraying is followed using prescribed fire to remove some of the woody vegetation and maintain semi-open wooded grassland for several years. Although these practices kill some of the woody vegetation, much of it remains and resprouts from the crown and in a relatively short period will attain a 90 percent canopy again. Often with this community, mechanical means such as rootplowing and raking are utilized, and the land is converted to cropland or tame pasture.Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2Heavy grazing and lack of fire will cause an increase in brush density. The transition occurs when brush canopy cover is over 25 percent.
Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1To return to Community 2.1, brush density needs to be removed below 25 percent. Return of fire and prescribed grazing also help in this transition.
State 3
ConvertedThis state has been cleared and planted with introduced, forage species. Improved forage species are persistent and long-lived, contributing to the stability of this state. Important drivers include periodic grazing and management of woody species.
Dominant plant species
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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), grass
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beardgrass (Bothriochloa), grass
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kleingrass (Panicum coloratum), grass
Community 3.1
Introduced/Native SpeciesA seedbed is prepared and the area is planted into grass. Because these soils are so productive, fertilizer has been inexpensive in the past, and precipitation is adequate, this site has been planted to bermudagrass, introduced bluestems, or kleingrass. If brush species are established, mechanical brush management must be utilized. Typically, rootplowing and raking are utilized to remove the woody vegetation, then a seedbed is prepared and the area is planted into grass. To maintain this seeded state, after approximately 3 to 5 years, herbicides must be used to control woody seedlings that seek to invade.
Not only is there a long-lived seed source of mesquite, huisache, and other woody species, additional seeds are brought in by grazing animals and domestic livestock. Macartney rose seed and canes are also left behind following mechanical control and will re-establish in relatively short order. In the seeded state, if practices such as fertilizer application and weed control are stopped, prescribed grazing is applied, woody seedlings are managed, and prescribed burning is applied, this state will begin the reversion back to the Grassland State as seedlings of native species become established.Community 3.2
Introduced/Native Species with Woody SeedlingsThe transition from community 3.1 to 3.2 requires only time and the absence of woody seedling control. Due to the seed bank present in the soil and the constant addition of new seed from grazing/browsing animals and seed-eating birds, re-infestation of woody seedlings happens in a relatively short time period of 3 to 5 years. If woody seedlings are controlled on a semi-regular basis, this state can be maintained indefinitely, and the state can switch back and forth from 3.2 to 3.1.
If this site has been planted to introduced species such as bermudagrass, introduced bluestems, or kleingrass, and fertilization and weed control is stopped and prescribed burning and prescribed grazing applied, pioneer native grasses and forbs will gradually begin to move back towards State 1.3. Some degree of woody plant control would be required for this to occur. If no woody plant management is practiced, then State 3.2 will revert to State 2.2 with a dominance of huisache and Macartney rose.Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.2With heavy grazing and no brush control, woody species will encroach the site.
Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.1Seedling brush control, prescribed grazing, and possibly prescribed fire will transition the community back to 3.1.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Heavy grazing, lack of fire, and brush invasion over 10 percent canopy signal the transition to State 2.
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Conversion signals this transition by preparing a seedbed and planting to pasture.
Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1Restoration occurs when brush management reduces the canopy cover below 10 percent, prescribed grazing restores correct stocking rates, and once grasses have created enough biomass, prescribed fire returns.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Conversion signals this transition by clearing brush, preparing a seedbed, and planting to pasture.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 2Without brush control to manage encroaching woody seedlings, the site will transition to State 2.
Additional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Tallgrasses 3200–4700 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 3200–4700 – Florida paspalum PAFL4 Paspalum floridanum 3200–4700 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 3200–4700 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 3200–4700 – Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 3200–4700 – eastern gamagrass TRDA3 Tripsacum dactyloides 3200–4700 – 2 Tall/Midgrasses 1200–1650 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 1200–1650 – vine mesquite PAOB Panicum obtusum 1200–1650 – brownseed paspalum PAPL3 Paspalum plicatulum 1200–1650 – little bluestem SCSCS Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium 1200–1650 – large-spike bristlegrass SEMA5 Setaria macrostachya 1200–1650 – composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 1200–1650 – 3 Midgrasses 600–950 buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 600–950 – silver beardgrass BOLAT Bothriochloa laguroides ssp. torreyana 600–950 – Pan American balsamscale ELTR4 Elionurus tripsacoides 600–950 – longtom PADE24 Paspalum denticulatum 600–950 – marsh bristlegrass SEPA10 Setaria parviflora 600–950 – white tridens TRAL2 Tridens albescens 600–950 – longspike tridens TRST2 Tridens strictus 600–950 – 4 Cool-season grasses 500–750 sedge CAREX Carex 500–750 – Virginia wildrye ELVI3 Elymus virginicus 500–750 – Texas wintergrass NALE3 Nassella leucotricha 500–750 – 5 Shortgrasses 350–500 Grass, annual 2GA Grass, annual 350–500 – Grass, perennial 2GP Grass, perennial 350–500 – fall witchgrass DICO6 Digitaria cognata 350–500 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 350–500 – panicgrass PANIC Panicum 350–500 – crowngrass PASPA2 Paspalum 350–500 – Forb6 Forbs 250–325 Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 250–325 – whitemouth dayflower COER Commelina erecta 250–325 – wedgeleaf prairie clover DAEM2 Dalea emarginata 250–325 – Illinois bundleflower DEIL Desmanthus illinoensis 250–325 – velvet bundleflower DEVE2 Desmanthus velutinus 250–325 – Engelmann's daisy ENPE4 Engelmannia peristenia 250–325 – button eryngo ERYU Eryngium yuccifolium 250–325 – beeblossom GAURA Gaura 250–325 – coastal indigo INMI Indigofera miniata 250–325 – lespedeza LESPE Lespedeza 250–325 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 250–325 – littleleaf sensitive-briar MIMI22 Mimosa microphylla 250–325 – powderpuff MIST2 Mimosa strigillosa 250–325 – yellow puff NELU2 Neptunia lutea 250–325 – fogfruit PHYLA Phyla 250–325 – white milkwort POAL4 Polygala alba 250–325 – upright prairie coneflower RACO3 Ratibida columnifera 250–325 – American snoutbean RHAM Rhynchosia americana 250–325 – least snoutbean RHMI4 Rhynchosia minima 250–325 – violet wild petunia RUNU Ruellia nudiflora 250–325 – Drummond's skullcap SCDR2 Scutellaria drummondii 250–325 – amberique-bean STHE9 Strophostyles helvola 250–325 – Baldwin's ironweed VEBA Vernonia baldwinii 250–325 – 7 Forbs 60–90 spiny chloracantha CHSP11 Chloracantha spinosa 60–90 – eastern annual saltmarsh aster SYSU5 Symphyotrichum subulatum 60–90 – 8 Forbs 15–60 Forb, annual 2FA Forb, annual 15–60 – Forb, perennial 2FP Forb, perennial 15–60 – prairie broomweed AMDR Amphiachyris dracunculoides 15–60 – partridge pea CHFAF Chamaecrista fasciculata var. fasciculata 15–60 – croton CROTO Croton 15–60 – Dakota mock vervain GLBIB Glandularia bipinnatifida var. bipinnatifida 15–60 – camphorweed HESU3 Heterotheca subaxillaris 15–60 – herb of the cross VEOF Verbena officinalis 15–60 – Shrub/Vine9 Shrubs 325–475 sorrelvine CITR2 Cissus trifoliata 325–475 – southern dewberry RUTR Rubus trivialis 325–475 – greenbrier SMILA2 Smilax 325–475 – Tree10 Tree 0–1 hackberry CELTI Celtis 0–1 – honey mesquite PRGL2 Prosopis glandulosa 0–1 – live oak QUVI Quercus virginiana 0–1 – Table 7. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
The Coastal Prairie communities support a wide array of animals. Cattle and many species of wildlife make extensive use of the site. White-tailed deer may be found scattered across the prairie and are found in heavier concentrations where woody cover exists. Feral hogs are present and at times abundant. Coyotes are abundant and fill the mammalian predator niche. Rodent populations rise during drier periods and fall during periods of inundation. Attwater’s pocket gophers are abundant and have an important impact on the ecology of the site. The badger is present but not abundant in locations at the southern extent of the site. Locally unique species alligators and bullfrogs.
The region is a major flyway for waterfowl and migrating birds. Hundreds of thousands of ducks, geese, and sandhill cranes abound during winter. Two important endangered species occur in the area, the whooping crane and Attwater’s prairie chicken. Many other species of avian predators including northern harriers, ferruginous hawks, red-tailed hawks, white-tailed kites, kestrels, and, occasionally, swallow-tailed kites utilize the vast grasslands. Many species of grassland birds use the site, including blue grosbeaks, dickcissels, eastern meadowlarks, several sparrows, including, vesper sparrow, lark sparrow, savannah sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, and Le Conte’s sparrow.Hydrological functions
Peak rainfall periods occur in May and June from thunderstorms and in September and October from tropical systems. Rainfall events may be high (3 to 5 inches per event) and intense. Extended periods (45 to 60 days) of little to no rainfall during the growing season are common. Because of the flat topography of this site, erosion is minimal; however, on more sloping aspects (greater than 3 percent), erosion may be very significant. This site provides little water for aquifer recharge because when wet, infiltration is very slow.
Recreational uses
The site is used for camping when trees are present. Under proper management, when some woody species are present, the area will support large numbers of quail and is used for bird hunting. In a woodland state, white-tailed deer are present in large numbers and the site is hunted extensively. In the prairie state, large numbers of grassland birds are present and the area is used for bird watching.
Wood products
In the prairie state, no wood products are available. In a woodland state, the site may grow large numbers of large mesquite trees and these are often cut for firewood and barbecue wood.
Other products
Fruit from dewberries may be harvested. This site made up a major component of the historic Attwater’s Prairie Chicken habitat and extensive efforts are being made to reclaim it and re-introduce the prairie chicken.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Vegetative data for this site was obtained from existing Range Site Descriptions and SCS-417 data. Nineteen SCS-417’s were available for this site in eight different counties. Extensive field work was done on-site to catalog the plant community. Several range-trained personnel with state and federal agencies and in private enterprise were consulted on the plant communities as well. Personal contact with ranchers and managers was utilized to ascertain the use of plants by both cattle and wildlife.
Other references
Allain, L., L. Smith, C. Allen, M. Vidrine, and J. B. Grace. 2006. A floristic quality assessment system for the Coastal Prairie of Louisiana. North American Prairie Conference, 19.
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Stan Reinke
Approval
Bryan Christensen, 9/22/2023
Acknowledgments
The following personnel also contributed to the review process: Jamey Douglas, RSS, NRCS, Temple, TX Shanna Dunn, RSS, NRCS, Corpus Christi, TX Mike Stellbauer, RMS, NRCS, Bryan, TX
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Mike Stellbauer, Zone RMS, NRCS, Bryan, TX Contact for lead author Date 07/18/2007 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Some water flow patterns are normal for this site due to landscape position and slopes. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Pedestals or terracettes would have been very uncommon for this site. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Less than 20 percent bare ground randomly distributed throughout. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Small to medium-sized litter may move short distances during intense storms. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface is resistant to erosion. Soil stability class range is expected to be 4 to 6. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil surface structure is 10 to 60 inches thick with colors ranging from black to dark grayish brown with subangular blocky structure. SOM is 1 to 6 percent. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
This true tallgrass prairie site with a combination of forbs, bunchgrasses and rhizomatous grasses which provides for optimum infiltration and little runoff under normal rainfall events. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No evidence of compaction. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Warm-season tallgrassesSub-dominant:
Warm-season midgrassesOther:
Warm-season forbs Warm-season annual grasses Annual forbsAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Little apparent mortality or decadence for any functional groups. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
3,000 pounds per acre for below average moisture years to 8,000 pounds per acre for above average moisture years. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Potential invasive species include Chinese tallow, huisache, mesquite, introduced bluestem, common bermudagrass, bahiagrass and Macartney rose. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All perennial plants should be capable of reproducing, except during prolonged drought conditions, heavy natural herbivory or intense wildfires.
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