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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 145X–Connecticut Valley
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 145 – Connecticut Valley (USDA-NRCS, 2006).
The nearly level floor of the Connecticut Valley makes up most of the area. Nearly level to sloping lowlands are at the outer edges of the river valley. These lowlands are broken by isolated, north- to south-trending trap-rock ridges that are hilly and steep. Elevation ranges from sea level to 100 meters (330 feet) in the lowlands and from 50 to 100 meters (650 to 1,000 feet) on ridges. The geology of this rift valley is a late Triassic and early Jurassic sandstone, shale, and conglomerate sequence. Tilted basalt flows along rift zones form the trap rock ridges exhibiting the greatest landscape relief. Glaciation accounts for glacial lake deposits, outwash, and till. Following glacial retreat, wind-deposited loess caps some areas. Recent alluvium deposits form well-developed flood plain along the Connecticut River. These deposits created some of the most productive agricultural soils in New England. The dominant soils are entisols and inceptisols with a mesic temperature regime in combination with parent materials such as glacial lakebeds, glacial outwash, glacial till, and recent alluvium. From north-to-south within the Connecticut Valley, the climate transitions from humid-continental to humid temperate with pronounced seasons and frequent storms. The forests are predominately central hardwoods to the south and transition hardwoods to the north. Significant habitats include trap rock ridges, sandplains, and floodplains of the Connecticut River and major tributaries. Much of the area is currently in residential and urban development and agriculture. While much of the areas is also forested, habitat loss and fragmentation are widespread throughout the Connecticut Valley.Classification relationships
USDA-NRCS (USDA, 2006):
Land Resource Region (LRR): R – Northeastern Forage and Forest Region
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 145 – Connecticut Valley
USDA-FS (Cleland et al, 2007):
Province: 221 – Eastern Broadleaf Forest
Section: 221A – Lower New England
Subsection: 221Af –Lower Connecticut River Valley
Province: M211 – Adirondack New England Mixed Forest – Coniferous Forest – Alpine Meadow (in part)
Section: M211B– New England Piedmont (in part)
Subsection: 211Bb – Southern Piedmont (in part)Ecological site concept
The Moist Outwash ecological site consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed on glaciofluvial landforms. Representative soils are Ellington and Eldridge, Other related soils, such as Deerfield, Tisbury, Ninigret, Sudbury, have equivalent Moist Outwash ecological site assignments in nearby MLRA 144A. The representative plant communities are varied but consist largely of central hardwoods with oaks: chestnut oak (Quercus montana), black oak (Quercus velutina), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and white oak (Quercus alba) and red maple (Acer rubrum) with occasional tulip tree (Liriodendrion tulipfera), and occasional pines (pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and white pine (Pinus strobus).
These moderately well-drained sandy sites are subject to many disturbances including development, agricultural conversion, burning, cutting from occasional tree harvests, and displacement of native plants by invasive, non-native plants.Associated sites
F145XY008MA Dry Outwash
F145XY009CT Well Drained Outwash
Similar sites
F145XY008MA Dry Outwash
F145XY009CT Well Drained Outwash
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree (1) Quercus rubra
(2) Acer rubrumShrub (1) Viburnum acerifolium
(2) Hamamelis virginianaHerbaceous (1) Osmunda cinnamomea
Physiographic features
The site occurs on nearly level to strongly sloping soils on variety of glaciofluvial landforms and can be subject to frequent ponding.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Lowland > Outwash plain
(2) Outwash plain > Drainageway
(3) River valley > Depression
(4) Valley > Outwash terrace
(5) Lake terrace
(6) Terrace
(7) Plain
Runoff class Negligible to very high Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None to frequent Elevation 0 – 2230 ft Slope 0 – 35 % Water table depth 0 – 39 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
The regional climate of the Connecticut Valley transitions north to south, from humid-continental to humid temperate, respectively, with pronounced seasons and frequent storms. (Beck et al., 2018; Bailey, 2014).
Climate change is occurring, and the resiliency of any ecological site will depend upon the direct and indirect effects upon component species and shifting atmospheric and soil conditions. On these ecological sites, central hardwoods – pine forests are at a low vulnerability risk to climate change with impacts considered both negative and positive. Warmer seasonal temperatures and a prolonged growing season will be beneficial for increasing productivity of central hardwoods, especially trees with southern affinities such as oaks, hickory, and tuliptree. However, climate extremes may introduce earlier leaf phenologies susceptible to frost damage and general plant weakening. Although central hardwoods – pine forests are adaptable to warmer climate shifts, fragmentation and invasive species can amplify any adverse effects of climate change. Several invasive species will continue to be a threat. (Janowiak et al, 2018).Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 140-140 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 170-190 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 50-50 in Frost-free period (actual range) 140-150 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 170-190 days Precipitation total (actual range) 40-50 in Frost-free period (average) 140 days Freeze-free period (average) 180 days Precipitation total (average) 50 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) MT CARMEL [USC00065077], Hamden, CT
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(2) MIDDLETOWN 4 W [USC00064767], Middlefield, CT
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(3) HARTFORD BRADLEY INTL AP [USW00014740], Suffield, CT
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(4) HARTFORD BRAINARD FLD [USW00014752], Wethersfield, CT
">Influencing water features
none.
Soil features
The site consists of moderately to very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in a variety of glaciofluvial parent materials. Representative soils are Ellington and Eldridge. Other related soils, such as Deerfield, Tisbury, Ninigret, Sudbury have equivalent Moist Outwash ecological site assignments in nearby MLRA 144A.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Glaciofluvial deposits – sandstone and shale
(2) Eolian deposits – granite and gneiss
(3) Glaciolacustrine deposits – schist
(4) Drift – phyllite
(5) Outwash – basalt
(6) Organic material – igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock
(7) Quartzite
Surface texture (1) Gravelly loamy coarse sand
(2) Sand
(3) Sandy loam
(4) Very fine sandy loam
Family particle size (1) Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal
(2) Sandy
(3) Sandy over loamy
(4) Sandy or sandy-skeletal
Drainage class Moderately well drained Permeability class Moderately slow to slow Depth to restrictive layer 25 – 72 in Surface fragment cover <=3" Not specified Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 2 % Available water capacity
(Depth not specified)3 – 5 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)4.5 – 7.3 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 60 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 15 % Ecological dynamics
[Caveat: The vegetation information contained in this section and is only provisional, based on concepts, not yet validated with field work.*]
The vegetation groupings described in this section are based on the terrestrial ecological system classification and vegetation associations developed by NatureServe (Comer 2003). Terrestrial ecological SYSTEMS are specifically defined as a group of plant community-types called ASSOCIATIONS that tend to [co-]occur within landscapes with similar ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients. Any given system will typically manifest itself in a landscape at intermediate geographic scales of tens-to-thousands of hectares and will persist for 50 or more years. A vegetation association is a plant community that is much more specific to a given soil, geology, landform, climate, hydrology, and disturbance history. It is the basic unit for vegetation classification and recognized by the US National Vegetation Classification (US FDGC 2008). Each association will be named by the diagnostic and often dominant species that occupy the different height strata (tree, sapling, shrub, and herb). Within the NatureServe Explorer database (NatureServe, 2015), ecological systems are numbered by a Community Ecological System Code (CES) and individual vegetation associations are assigned an identification number called a Community Element Global Code (CEGL).
Additional and more localized vegetation information can be provided by the various State Heritage Programs. Additional insights to the vegetation were provided by: "The Vegetation of Connecticut: A Preliminary Classification" (Metzler and Barrett, 2006), "Classification of the Natural Communities of Massachusetts" (Swain and Kersley 2011), "Wetland, Woodland, Wildland" (Thompson and Sorenson 2000), and "Natural Communities of New Hampshire, 2nd Ed." (Spurduto and Nichols, 2011).
The Moist Outwash ecological site is characteristic of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Hardwood Forest system (CES203.475) and North-Central Appalachian Acidic Swamp system (CES202.604). The representative plant communities are varied but consist largely of northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and occasionally white oak (Quercus alba) and red maple (Acer rubrum) with occasional tulip tree (Liriodendrion tulipfera), and occasional pines (pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and white pine (Pinus strobus). Natural disturbances include climate extremes such as, excessive droughts, or storm activity ranging from windthrows to downbursts to ice-storms. Atmospheric deposition may effect trees at high elevations. Wildfires do happen but are largely suppressed. Other agents-of-change include land conversions and fragmentation by agricultural, development and logging. Insavice plants include tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii).
Other ecological states, a Semi-natural State and a Cultural State are recognized. The Semi-natural State would expect plant communities where ecological processes primarily operate with some conditioning by land management, e.g., managed forests, or plant communities that are an artifact of land management e.g., predominately invasive plants. The Cultural State is a completely converted or transformed state heavily or completely conditioned by land management, e.g., cultivated lands, pasture/haylands, vineyards, and plantations, etc. Generally, the form of vegetation in the Semi-natural State or the Cultural State is not able to be specified until field work is conducted.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textState 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference State (minimally-managed)The reference community type is characterized by:
Quercus rubra - Betula alleghaniensis / Osmunda cinnamomea Forest
Translated Name: Northern Red Oak - Yellow Birch / Cinnamon Fern Forest
Common Name: Upland/Wetland Transitional Forest (CEGL006000)
Other plant communities may include:
• Upland/Wetland Transitional Forest (CEGL006000)
Quercus rubra - Betula alleghaniensis / Osmunda cinnamomea Forest
Translated Name: Northern Red Oak - Yellow Birch / Cinnamon Fern ForestCommunity 1.1
Northern Red Oak - Yellow Birch / Cinnamon Fern Forest (CEGL006000)Quercus rubra - Betula alleghaniensis / Osmunda cinnamomea Forest
Translated Name: Northern Red Oak - Yellow Birch / Cinnamon Fern Forest
Common Name: Upland/Wetland Transitional Forest (CEGL006000)
The tree canopy is nearly closed, with tree height reflecting moisture availability. Dominant species include red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and black oak (Quercus velutina). Occasionally white oak (Quercus alba), pin oak (Quercus palustris), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) as well as tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) may occur. The shrub layer includes witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), sweet pepperbush (Cethra alnifolia), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Herb layer is often dominated by ferns cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana), New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), and sessile-leaved bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia). Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), American false hellebore (Veratrum viride), and skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) may also occur where this vegetation grades into a wetland forest. (Source: NatureServe 2018 [accessed 2019], USNVC 2017 [accessed 2022]).
Cross-referenced plant community concepts (typically by political State):
CT: Red maple -yellow birch /cinnamon fern Swamp (Metzler and Barrett, 2006)
MA: Red Maple Swamp (Swain and Kearsley, 2001)
NH: Red maple – red oak / cinnamon fern Swamp (Sperduto and Nichols, 2011)
NY: Red maple hardwood Swamp (Edinger et al., 2014)
RI: Red maple – deciduous shrub Swamp (Enser and Lundgren, 2006)State 2
Semi-natural StateThe Semi-natural State would expect plant communities where ecological processes are primarily operating with some land conditioning in the past or present, e.g., managed forests, or plant communities that are an artifact of land management e.g., predominately invasive plants.
Community 2.1
Managed forest/woodland [vegetation]Community 2.2
Invasive plantsPathway P2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2Disturbance, Invasive species establishment
Pathway P2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1Invasive spp. Control, Forest mgmt..
State 3
Cultural StateThe Cultural State is a completely converted or transformed state, heavily or completely conditioned by land management, e.g., cultivated lands, pasture/haylands, vineyards, and plantations, etc.
Community 3.1
CultivatedCommunity 3.2
PastureCommunity 3.3
PlantationTransition T1A
State 1 to 2Invasion, disturbance
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Disturbance/cutting/clearing, Brush removal
Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1Invasive species removal, native outplanting, restoration management
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Disturbance/cutting/clearing, Brush removal
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 1Restoration management
Transition T3A
State 3 to 2Abandonment, Plant establishment, Forest mgmt.
Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 6. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 3.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Site Development and Testing Plan Future work is needed, as described in a future project plan, to validate the information presented in this provisional ecological site description. Future work includes field sampling, data collection and analysis by qualified vegetation ecologists and soil scientists. As warranted, annual reviews of the project plan can be conducted by the Ecological Site Technical Team. A final field review, peer review, quality control, and quality assurance reviews of the ESD are necessary to approve a final document.
Other references
Bailey, R. 2014. Ecoregions: the ecosystem geography of the oceans and continents. Second Edition. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Beck, H.E., N.E. Zimmermann, T.R. McVicar, N. Vergopolan, A.Berg, E.F. Wood. 2018. Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Scientific Data 5(1):1-12.
Cleland, D.T., J.A. Freeouf, J.E. Keys, G.J. Nowacki, C.A. Carpenter, and W.H.McNab. 2007. Ecological Subregions: Sections and Subsections for the conterminous United States. [Map. presentation scale 1:3,500,000, colored; A.M. Sloan, cartographer] Gen. Tech. Report WO-76D. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. (https://www.fs.fed.us/research/publications/misc/73326-wo-gtr-76d-cleland2007.pdf)
Comer, P., D. Faber-Langendoen, R. Evans, S. Gawler, C. Josse, G. Kittel, S. Menard, M. Pyne, M. Reid, K. Schulz, K., Snow, and J.Teague. 2003. Ecological Systems of the United States: A Working Classification of U.S. Terrestrial Systems. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
Cowardin, L.M. et. al. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
Edinger, G.J., Evans, D.J., Gebauer, S., Howard, T.G., Hunt, D.M., and A.M. Olivero, A.M. (eds.). 2014. Ecological Communities of New York State, Second Edition: A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke's Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.
FGDC [Federal Geographic Data Committee]. 2008. National Vegetation Classification Standard, Version 2. Federal Geographic Data Committee, Vegetation Subcommittee, Washington DC..
Janowiak, M.K., A.W. D'Amato, C.W. Swanston, L. Iverson, F.R. Thompson, W.D Dijak, S. Matthews, M.P. Peters, A. Prasad, J.S. Fraser, J.S. L.A. Brandt, P. Butler-Leopold, S.D. Handler, P.D. Shannon, D. Burbank, J. Campbell, C. Cogbill, M.J. Duveneck, M.R. Emery, N. Fisichelli, J. Foster, J Hushaw, L. Kenefic, A. Mahaffey, T/L. Morelli, N.J. Reo, P.G. Schaberg, K R. Simmons, A. Weiskittel, S. Wilmot, D. Hollinger, E. Lane, L. Rustad, and P.H. Templer. 2018. New England and northern New York forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the New England Climate Change Response Framework project. General Technical Report NRS-173, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Newtown Square, PA.
Marks, C.O., K.A. Lutz, A.P. Olivero-Sheldon. 2011. Ecologically important floodplain forests in the Connecticut River watershed. The Nature Conservancy, Connecticut River Program. 44pp.
Metzler, K.J. and Barrett, J.P., 2006. The Vegetation of Connecticut, a Preliminary Classification. Department of Environmental Protection, State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Rpt of Investigations No. 12.
NatureServe. 2009. International Ecological Classification Standard: Terrestrial Ecological Classifications. NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, VA, U.S.A. Data current as of 06 February 2009.
NatureServe 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. (Accessed: December 2015).
PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Available http://prism.oregonstate.edu, (created February 26, 2013).
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. Agricultural Handbook 296. (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051845.pdf).
Sperduto, D.D., & Nichols, W.F. 2011. Natural Communities of New Hampshire, Second Ed. NH Natural Heritage Bureau, Concord, NH. Publ. UNH Cooperative Extension.
Swain, P.C. and Kearsley, J.B., 2001. Classification of the natural communities of Massachusetts. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife.
Thompson, E.H. and Sorenson, E.R., 2000. Wetland, woodland, wildland. Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife and The Nature Conservancy. Publ. University Press of New England.
USDA, NRCS. 2022. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 10/03/2023). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC USA.
USNVC [United States National Vegetation Classification]. 2017 (Date accessed). United States National Vegetation Classification Database V2.01. Federal Geographic Data Committee, Vegetation Subcomittee, Washington DC.Contributors
Nels Barrett, Ph.D.
Approval
Nels Barrett, 9/27/2024
Acknowledgments
Michael Margo and tech team assisted w/drafts.
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 06/08/2026 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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