Mesic Temperature Regime, High Terraces, Very Rare Inundation

Description

This mature forest state supports a closed canopy forest dominated by a diverse mixture of mesophytic upland species and bottomland hardwoods.

Characteristics and indicators

Stands are uneven-aged with at least some old trees present. In contrast with young, recently disturbed stands, native species are more likely to dominate the shrub and herb layers. The subcanopy layer is usually well-developed, featuring a diverse group of tree species.

Dominant plant species

1. willow oak (Quercus phellos), tree

2. white oak (Quercus alba), tree

3. American beech (Fagus grandifolia), tree

4. northern red oak (Quercus rubra), tree

5. American elm (Ulmus americana), tree

6. red maple (Acer rubrum), tree

7. winged elm (Ulmus alata), tree

8. sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tree

9. bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), tree

10. American holly (Ilex opaca), tree

11. blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium), shrub

12. bursting-heart (Euonymus americanus), shrub

13. American holly (Ilex opaca), shrub

14. Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), shrub

15. possumhaw (Ilex decidua), shrub

16. crossvine (Bignonia capreolata), shrub

17. greenbrier (Smilax), shrub

18. eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), shrub

19. southern arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum), shrub

20. white edge sedge (Carex debilis), grass

21. eastern star sedge (Carex radiata), grass

22. eastern narrowleaf sedge (Carex amphibola), grass

23. Indian woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolium), grass

24. variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), grass

25. Bosc's panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii), grass

26. cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium dichotomum), grass

27. early bluegrass (Poa cuspidata), grass

28. autumn bluegrass (Poa autumnalis), grass

29. nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), grass

30. Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), grass

31. white avens (Geum canadense), grass

32. partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), grass

33. littlebrownjug (Hexastylis arifolia), grass

34. Canadian blacksnakeroot (Sanicula canadensis), grass

35. smooth Solomon's seal (Polygonatum biflorum), grass

36. helmet flower (Scutellaria integrifolia), grass

37. licorice bedstraw (Galium circaezans), grass

38. Canadian wildginger (Asarum canadense), grass

39. jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum), grass

Submodel

Description

This state develops in the immediate aftermath of agricultural abandonment, clearcut logging, or other large-scale disturbances that lead to canopy removal. Which species colonize a particular location in the wake of a disturbance does involve a considerable degree of chance. It also depends a great deal on the type, duration, and magnitude of the disturbance event.

Characteristics and indicators

Plant age distribution is usually even.

Submodel

Description

This converted state is dominated by planted timber trees. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) is the most commonly planted species, though Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) can also be successfully managed for timber in this part of the MLRA. Even-aged management is the most common timber management system.

Note: if the user wishes to convert stands dominated by hardwoods to planted pine, clearcutting will usually be necessary first, allowing herbaceous pioneers to establish on the site in the weeks or months prior to planting. Users should utilize measures described in transition T2B under these circumstances.

Resilience management

Hardwood Encroachment:
Hardwood encroachment can be problematic in managed pine plantations. Good site preparation, proper stocking, and periodic thinning are advisable to reduce hardwood competition.

Overstocking:
The overstocked condition commonly occurs in naturally regenerated stands. When competition from other pines begins to impact the health and productivity of the stand, precommercial thinning should be considered. At this point, the benefit of thinning usually outweighs the potential for invasion and competition from non-pine species. As the target window for thinning passes, the condition of the stand can slowly deteriorate if no action is taken. Under long-term overstocked conditions, trees are more prone to stresses, including pine bark beetle infestation and damage from wind or ice.

High-grading:
In subsequent commercial thinnings, care should be taken in tree selection. High quality specimens should be left to reach maturity, while slower growing trees or those with defects should be removed sooner. If high quality specimens are harvested first, trees left behind are often structurally unsound, diseased, genetically inferior, or of poor form. This can have long-term implications for tree genetics and for the condition of the stand (Felix III 1983; Miller et al. 1995, 2003; Megalos 2019).

Dominant plant species

1. loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), tree

2. sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tree

3. red maple (Acer rubrum), tree

4. blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), tree

5. Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), tree

6. oak (Quercus), tree

7. hybrid hickory (Carya), tree

8. grape (Vitis), shrub

9. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), shrub

10. greenbrier (Smilax), shrub

11. St. Johnswort (Hypericum), shrub

12. rosette grass (Dichanthelium), grass

13. oatgrass (Danthonia), grass

14. sedge (Carex), grass

15. Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), grass

16. fan clubmoss (Lycopodium digitatum), grass

17. ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), grass

18. partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), grass

19. cinquefoil (Potentilla), grass

Submodel

Description

This converted state is dominated by herbaceous forage species.

Resilience management

Flooding:
This ecological site is subject to flooding in some years during periods of unusually wet weather. The duration of flooding is usually short-lived, though pastures may remain wet for longer periods. Landowners will need access to additional pasture or housing that is not subject to flooding, on which to move livestock as needed.

Overgrazing and High Foot Traffic:
In areas that are subject to high foot traffic from livestock and equipment, and/or long-term overgrazing, unpalatable weedy species tend to invade, as most desirable forage species are less competitive under these conditions. High risk areas include locations where livestock congregate for water, shade, or feed, and in travel lanes, gates, and other areas of heavy use. Plant species that are indicative of overgrazing or excessive foot traffic on this ecological site include buttercup (Ranunculus spp.), curly dock (Rumex crispus), bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius), Virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana), Oriental lady's thumb (Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum), Carolina horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), small carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus), nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi), Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum), and common rush (Juncus effusus), among others. An overabundance of these species, along with poor plant vigor and areas of bare soil, may imply that excessive foot traffic and/or overgrazing is a concern, either in the present or in the recent past.

Brush Encroachment:
Brush encroachment can be problematic in some pastures, particularly near fence lines where there is often a ready seed source. Pastures subject to low stocking density and long-duration grazing rotations can also be susceptible to encroachment from woody plants. Shorter grazing rotations of higher stocking density can help alleviate pressure from shrubs and vines with low palatability or thorny stems. Clipping behind grazing rotations, annual brush hogging, and multispecies grazing systems (cattle with or followed by goats) can also be helpful. Common woody invaders of pasture on this ecological site include Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), blackberry (Rubus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), and common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana).

Dominant plant species

1. tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), grass

2. orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), grass

3. dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum), grass

4. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), grass

5. perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), grass

6. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), grass

7. beaked panicgrass (Panicum anceps), grass

8. broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus), grass

9. nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi), grass

10. Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum), grass

11. white clover (Trifolium repens), grass

12. red clover (Trifolium pratense), grass

13. vetch (Vicia), grass

14. narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata), grass

15. dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium), grass

Submodel

Description

This converted state produces food or fiber for human uses. It is dominated by domesticated crop species, along with typical weedy invaders of cropland.

Submodel