Physiographic features

The Bluff Hills and the Southern Rolling Plains (EPA Level IV Ecoregions 74A and 74C, respectively) of the Southern Mississippi Valley Loess (MLRA 134) are located in southwest Mississippi and southeast Louisiana. The areas lie within the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. The underlying geology consists of marine deposits of sand, silt, clay, and lignite of the Pascagoula, Hattiesburg, Catahoula and Citronelle formations. The Bluff Hills, which bound the Mississippi River floodplain, are capped by loess deposits often greater than 50 feet thick (Chapman et al., 2004). The adjacent terraces of the Southern Rolling Plain are loess mantled as well.

“Loess” is the geologic term of German origin that refers to widespread deposits of homogeneous layers of friable, porous silt mixed with minor amounts of clay or fine sand (Heinrich, 2008). The loess mantle, created by well-sorted windblown silt, was deposited during the Pleistocene age. Its source was glacial sediment from glacial meltwater that was flowing down an extensive braided stream system depositing large volumes of silt over the floodplain of the Mississippi River (Heinrich, 2008). Glacial meltwater ceased flowing when southern edges of ice sheets stopped melting in fall and winter, thereby creating dry conditions on the previously flooded Mississippi River Valley. Strong seasonal winds blew across dry floodplains and eroded large quantities of silt-sized sediment, and transported it out of the Mississippi alluvial valley and deposited it on adjacent uplands and terraces (Heinrich, 2008). Over thousands of years, the silt accumulations created loess deposits that are many feet thick (Heinrich, 2008). The Bluff Hills and Southern Rolling Plains are covered mainly with 2 separate layers (and ages) of loess deposits, the older and lower Sicily Island loess and the younger Peoria loess at the soil surface.

Where blankets of loess are thicker than 6 feet, the soils formed entirely in loess. Where loess deposits are less than 6 feet thick, soils reflect the nature of the underlying parent material (McDaniel, 2001). Thick loess areas produce intensely dissected terrain with excessively steep slopes and ridge and ravine topography (McDaniel, 2001). The Bluff Hills tend to have deeper, calcareous loess and steeper, much more dissected topography than the Southern Rolling Plains to the east. The loess mantle on the Southern Rolling Plains begins to thin and become more acid in the east as it transitions to the Southeastern Plains. Stream gradients in the Bluff Hills are high with narrow drainageways and floodplains, while the stream gradients become lower with broader floodplains in the Southern Rolling Plains.

This Site occurs mainly on the broad floodplains of large creeks and rivers and their tributaries draining the Southern Rolling Plains and flowing through the Bluff Hills in Mississippi and only on the broad floodplains of large creeks and rivers and their tributaries draining the Southern Rolling Plains in Louisiana. Smaller areas of this site occur on the narrow drainways and floodplains of the smaller creeks and streams within the Bluff Hills of Mississippi. Slopes are level to nearly level (0 to 3 percent). These sites include the floodplains and drainageways of the Second Creek, the Homochitto River and its tributaries, such as Sandy Creek and East Field Creek; the Big Black River, Bayou Pierre and its tributaries, such as Little Bayou Pierre, White Oak Creek; Foster Creek, Bahala Creek, the North Fork of Coles Creek, McCall Creek, McGehee Creek; the Bogue Chitto, Buffalo River; the Amite River and its tributaries; and the West Fork of Little Comite Creek.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Climatic features

The Southern Rolling Plains portions of MLRA 134 in Mississippi and Louisiana has a warm, humid climate, with fairly long summers and relatively short winters. The result is a long growing season and abundant plant growth. As you move northward in this region temperature trends lower and Precipitation is not as well distributed. This change in distribution does not imply that there is a rainy season and dry season, however there is a change in distribution. Water is a definitive part of this landscape, largely due to the combination of low elevation and fairly abundant rainfall in most years. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 50 to 70 inches over this region, and is fairly well distributed throughout the year. There have been very few years when less than 50 inches of precipitation has fallen. Snow is a rarity, however chances increase as you move Northward through the region. Growing seasons are long, typically from late February to late November. Hurricanes and tropical storms impact the climate of this region predominately in the southern areas, with some impact occurring nearly every year in some areas. However, devastating storms do not occur too often, and heavy rain is usually the biggest concern compared to wind damage. The following climatic data are averages from the ten weather stations listed below. Temperature and precipitation may vary considerably from that listed for each month. Site specific weather data should be used for land management decisions. For site specific weather conditions, obtain data from a weather station close to the site. Information can be accessed from specific weather stations at http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/coopmap/ or http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmla.html.

Table 3 Representative climatic features

Climate stations used

• (1) CRYSTAL SPGS EXP STN [USC00222094], Crystal Springs, MS

• (2) MEADVILLE [USC00225704], Bude, MS

• (3) HAZLEHURST 5 SW [USC00223920], Hazlehurst, MS

• (4) OAKLEY EXP STN [USC00226476], Raymond, MS

• (5) CLINTON 5 SE [USC00161899], Clinton, LA

• (6) PORT GIBSON 1 NE [USC00227132], Port Gibson, MS

• (7) WOODVILLE 4 ESE [USC00229793], Centreville, MS

• (8) BROOKHAVEN CITY [USC00221094], Brookhaven, MS

• (9) NATCHEZ [USC00226177], Natchez, MS

• (10) MCCOMB/PIKE CO/JOHN E LEWIS AP [USW00093919], McComb, MS