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Draft. A draft ecological site description is either incomplete or has not undergone quality control and quality assurance review.
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R084AY075OK Sandy Loam Savannah
Sandy Savanna
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous Not specified
Physiographic features
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Mountain slope
(2) Ridge
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 499 – 2401 ft Slope 2 – 60 % Ponding depth 0 in Water table depth 0 in Aspect N, S Climatic features
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 240 days Freeze-free period (average) 260 days Precipitation total (average) 50 in BarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
There are no water features influencing this site.
Soil features
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Stony fine sandy loam
(2) Gravelly loamy fine sand
(3) Loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained to excessively drained Permeability class Moderately rapid to rapid Soil depth 10 – 20 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 37 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 20 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)1.3 – 2 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)Not specified Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)Not specified Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)Not specified Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)4.5 – 6.5 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)3 – 33 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 10 % Ecological dynamics
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 3. Shallow Savannah
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Plant Community #3: Shallow Savanna, Oak/CedarCommunity 1.1
Plant Community #3: Shallow Savanna, Oak/CedarThis plant community is composed of an overstory of mature post oak and blackjack oak with a midstory of eastern redcedar. Birds sit in the oak trees and through defecation, deposit eastern redcedar seeds into the leaf litter. The leaf litter makes an ideal site for winter germination of the cedar. There is very little herbaceous plant cover. Herbaceous cover is represented by shade tolerant species such as Canada wildrye and Scribner’s panicum. Some warm season grasses include little bluestem, purpletop, and big bluestem where sunlight is sufficient. Goldenrod, sagewort, and ragweeds are the main forb components. To return the site to an oak savanna, prescribed burning must be used before eastern redcedar seedlings reach 3-6 ft. tall, which usually takes about three years. This will allow a cool fire that will not significantly damage the oaks. Hand removal of cedar is another option. This site is vulnerable to catastrophic wildfires that will top-kill the oak and destroy structures such as residences and barns.
Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Tree 2500 4300 5000 Shrub/Vine 250 300 400 Forb 200 250 300 Grass/Grasslike 150 160 170 Total 3100 5010 5870 Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 State 2
Plant Community #4: Shallow Savanna, Thick CedarCommunity 2.1
Plant Community #4: Shallow Savanna, Thick CedarThis plant community results from either chemical and/or mechanical treatment with no fire. The removal of oak releases the eastern redcedar. In the early stages of this vegetation state, the site is dominated by warm season grasses with seedling cedar. When cedar is less than 50 trees per acre, herbage production is not materially reduced. As time advances, usually about 10-15 years, this vegetation state is dominated by eastern redcedar.The amount of grass production is a function of cedar coverage. Once cedar reaches about 35% canopy cover, herbaceous vegetation is sparse; not only severely reduced, but livestock access to the forage is limiting. In order to change this community to a native rangeland community, prescribed burning on a 3-5 year interval is needed. Once cedar gets to be greater than 10 feet tall, mechanical methods such as clipping, chaining, or dozing will be needed to reduce the canopy.
Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1000 1200 1700 Tree 1000 1300 1500 Forb 200 250 300 Shrub/Vine 50 150 200 Total 2250 2900 3700 Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 State 3
Plant Community #5: Shallow Savanna, Tall/MidgrassCommunity 3.1
Plant Community #5: Shallow Savanna, Tall/MidgrassA native tall/midgrass plant community results following the removal of woody species with fire, herbicides, biological or mechanical methods. in msot cases, combinations of treatments are needed. With soil applied herbicides, regrowth of oak will be suppressed for over 15 years. For other treatments, frequent treatments on a 2-3 year interval will be needed to keep the oak from re-dominating the site.
Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 7. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1000 2100 2800 Forb 70 250 400 Tree 50 100 200 Shrub/Vine 20 50 100 Total 1140 2500 3500 Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 State 4
Plant Community #6: Shallow Savanna, Seeded SitesCommunity 4.1
Plant Community #6: Shallow Savanna, Seeded SitesWith mechanical preparation and seeding, this site cn support a variety of introduced forages for supplemental pasture. To maintain the introduced plant community, fertilization, weed control, grazing management, and occasionally reseeding will be needed. Refer to Forage Suitability Group 084AY0001OK for further information.
Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 State 5
Plant Community #1: Shallow Savanna Historical Plant CommunityCommunity 5.1
Plant Community #1: Shallow Savanna Historical Plant CommunityThe interpretative plant community for this site is the presumed historic plant community (HPC). This plant community was formed by the collective influence of fire, herbivory, drought, and extremes of temperature. Most herbivory was from bison, elk, and deer. A variety of other wildlife inhabited the site such as black bear, coyotes, and a variety of birds and small mammals. This site is dominated by a mixture of tall and midgrasses with sometimes extensive scattered woody species. The major woody species are oaks, elms, hickory, sumacs, wild plum, redbud and other understory species. Heavy grazing pressure results in a quick reduction of tallgrass species. Sideoats grama, blue grama, hairy grama, fringeleaf paspalum, tall dropseeed, jointtail, purpletop, Scribners panicum, and sand lovegras then dominate. This plant community evolved with a fire frequency of every 3-5 years.
Figure 11. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 8. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 980 2100 2600 Tree 350 480 600 Forb 70 320 400 Shrub/Vine 60 300 375 Total 1460 3200 3975 Figure 12. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 State 6
Plant Community #2: Shallow Savanna, Mature OakCommunity 6.1
Plant Community #2: Shallow Savanna, Mature OakThis plant community is composed of an overstory of post oak and blackjack oak. There are occasional elm, hackberry, and hickory also. The understory is composed of buckbrush, dwarf chinkapin oak, sumac, and other shrubby woody plants. The grasses include shade tolerant species such as Canada wildrye, stout wood reed and others. Some warm season grasses occur where sunlight penetrates the overstory. Forbs include ironweed, goldenrod, and others. The soil is covered with a 2-6 inch layer of litter. To restore this community to an oak savanna, prescribed burning must be used. Burning will kill the small oaks and prune off the lower limbs of the larger oaks allowing sunlight to penetrate the canopy. Fire will remove the litter that is suppressing herbaceous production.
Figure 13. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 9. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Tree 2160 2400 2640 Shrub/Vine 280 320 352 Forb 280 320 352 Grass/Grasslike 150 160 170 Total 2870 3200 3514 Figure 14. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). OK0006 , MLRA 84A, Oak/Cedar. Mature oak overstory .
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 3 5 10 18 25 10 5 8 5 4 5 Additional community tables
Table 10. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 94–110 2 56–66 Forb3 200–300 Shrub/Vine4 249–390 Tree5 1392–2880 post oak QUST Quercus stellata 1044–2160 – blackjack oak QUMA3 Quercus marilandica 870–1800 – black hickory CATE9 Carya texana 464–960 – eastern redbud CECA4 Cercis canadensis 290–600 – American elm ULAM Ulmus americana 290–600 – 6 1392–2880 eastern redcedar JUVI Juniperus virginiana 1096–2268 – Table 11. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 800–950 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 300–400 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 300–400 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 300–400 – Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 300–400 – 2 120–150 Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 80–100 – Canada wildrye ELCA4 Elymus canadensis 80–100 – 3 350–400 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 150–200 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 150–200 – Forb4 250–300 lespedeza LESPE Lespedeza 80–100 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 80–100 – Baldwin's ironweed VEBA Vernonia baldwinii 80–100 – Shrub/Vine5 80–100 Virginia creeper PAQU2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 80–100 – plum PRUNU Prunus 80–100 – dwarf chinquapin oak QUPR Quercus prinoides 80–100 – sumac RHUS Rhus 80–100 – greenbrier SMILA2 Smilax 80–100 – roundleaf snowberry SYRO Symphoricarpos rotundifolius 80–100 – western poison ivy TORY Toxicodendron rydbergii 80–100 – grape VITIS Vitis 80–100 – Tree6 400–500 eastern redbud CECA4 Cercis canadensis 400–500 – 7 700–800 eastern redcedar JUVI Juniperus virginiana 700–800 – Table 12. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 700–850 Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 300–400 – big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 300–400 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 200–300 – 2 700–800 little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 700–800 – 3 140–160 Canada wildrye ELCA4 Elymus canadensis 140–160 – 4 150–384 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 100–150 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 100–150 – purpletop tridens TRFL2 Tridens flavus 100–150 – sand lovegrass ERTR3 Eragrostis trichodes 50–100 – hairy grama BOHI2 Bouteloua hirsuta 50–100 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 80–100 – tufted lovegrass ERPEP2 Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 30–50 – Forb5 50–288 prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 30–50 – blacksamson echinacea ECAN2 Echinacea angustifolia 30–50 – ashy sunflower HEMO2 Helianthus mollis 30–50 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 30–50 – fringeleaf wild petunia RUHU Ruellia humilis 30–50 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 30–50 – 6 20–112 leadplant AMCA6 Amorpha canescens 30–50 – prairie clover DALEA Dalea 30–50 – zarzabacoa comun DEIN3 Desmodium incanum 30–50 – lespedeza LESPE Lespedeza 30–50 – Shrub/Vine7 20–100 New Jersey tea CEAM Ceanothus americanus 10–30 – Virginia creeper PAQU2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 10–30 – plum PRUNU Prunus 10–30 – dwarf chinquapin oak QUPR Quercus prinoides 10–30 – sumac RHUS Rhus 10–30 – blackberry RUBUS Rubus 10–30 – greenbrier SMILA2 Smilax 10–30 – roundleaf snowberry SYRO Symphoricarpos rotundifolius 10–30 – western poison ivy TORY Toxicodendron rydbergii 10–30 – grape VITIS Vitis 10–30 – Tree8 50–200 blackjack oak QUMA3 Quercus marilandica 50–75 – post oak QUST Quercus stellata 50–75 – American elm ULAM Ulmus americana 30–50 – black hickory CATE9 Carya texana 30–50 – eastern redbud CECA4 Cercis canadensis 30–50 – Table 13. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 550–640 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 300–400 – Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 300–400 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 200–300 – 2 700–800 little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 700–800 – black grama BOER4 Bouteloua eriopoda 100–300 – 3 120–160 Canada wildrye ELCA4 Elymus canadensis 120–160 – 4 400–500 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 100–150 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 100–150 – purpletop tridens TRFL2 Tridens flavus 100–150 – hairy grama BOHI2 Bouteloua hirsuta 60–100 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 60–100 – sand lovegrass ERTR3 Eragrostis trichodes 60–100 – tufted lovegrass ERPEP2 Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 30–50 – 6 120–160 leadplant AMCA6 Amorpha canescens 60–100 – prairie clover DALEA Dalea 30–50 – zarzabacoa comun DEIN3 Desmodium incanum 30–50 – lespedeza LESPE Lespedeza 30–50 – Nuttall's sensitive-briar MINU6 Mimosa nuttallii 30–50 – Forb5 70–100 prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 30–50 – blacksamson echinacea ECAN2 Echinacea angustifolia 30–50 – ashy sunflower HEMO2 Helianthus mollis 30–50 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 30–50 – fringeleaf wild petunia RUHU Ruellia humilis 30–50 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 30–50 – Shrub/Vine7 70–100 Virginia creeper PAQU2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 20–30 – greenbrier SMILA2 Smilax 20–30 – western poison ivy TORY Toxicodendron rydbergii 20–30 – grape VITIS Vitis 20–30 – 8 150–200 New Jersey tea CEAM Ceanothus americanus 70–100 – plum PRUNU Prunus 70–100 – sumac RHUS Rhus 70–100 – roundleaf snowberry SYRO Symphoricarpos rotundifolius 70–100 – blackberry RUBUS Rubus 55–75 – dwarf chinquapin oak QUPR Quercus prinoides 50–70 – Tree9 450–480 blackjack oak QUMA3 Quercus marilandica 250–300 – post oak QUST Quercus stellata 250–300 – American elm ULAM Ulmus americana 100–150 – black hickory CATE9 Carya texana 70–100 – eastern redbud CECA4 Cercis canadensis 70–100 – Table 15. Community 6.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 94–110 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 94–110 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 94–110 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 94–110 – Indiangrass SORGH Sorghastrum 94–110 – 2 56–66 Canada wildrye ELCA4 Elymus canadensis 56–66 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 38–44 – Forb3 281–352 lespedeza LESPE Lespedeza 88–110 – goldenrod OLIGO3 Oligoneuron 88–110 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 88–110 – Baldwin's ironweed VEBAB Vernonia baldwinii ssp. baldwinii 88–110 – Shrub/Vine4 281–352 buckbrush CECU Ceanothus cuneatus 88–110 – Virginia creeper PAQU2 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 88–110 – American plum PRAM Prunus americana 88–110 – dwarf chinquapin oak QUPR Quercus prinoides 88–110 – sumac RHUS Rhus 88–110 – greenbrier SMILA2 Smilax 88–110 – western poison ivy TORY Toxicodendron rydbergii 88–110 – grape VITIS Vitis 88–110 – Tree5 2160–2640 post oak QUST Quercus stellata 1620–1980 – blackjack oak QUMA3 Quercus marilandica 1350–1650 – black hickory CATE9 Carya texana 720–880 – eastern redbud CECA4 Cercis canadensis 450–550 – American elm ULAM Ulmus americana 450–550 – Interpretations
Animal community
As brush canopy increases, forage production for cattle decreases. Deer and other wildlife species use the site for some mast. cover is the main attribute benefitting wildlife. However, with the encroachment of eastern redcedar, wildlife species such as wild turkeys leave the site due to vulnerability to predators. In severe cases with thick cedar, there is an overabundance of cover and many wildlife species will avoid the area. Catle will avoid the site because of flies and the fact that there are limited summer breezes. Dense cedar will limit grazing accessibility as well. In the winter time, cattle will use the area for thermal cover.
Hydrological functions
The water cycle on this site functions to the existing plant community and the management of that plant community. The water cycle is most functional when the site is dominated by tall bunchgrass.
Recreational uses
Savanna sites offer scenic opportunities for outdoor recreation including photography, trail rides, camping, and hunting.
Wood products
Cutting firewood is the major wood products from this site. This site index is not sufficient to support commercial harvest.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from limited NRCS clipping data, research from Oklahoma State Univeristy, and field observations of range trained personnel.
Type locality
Location 1: Osage County, OK Township/Range/Section T26N R10E S12 General legal description State Park Other references
OSU research reports
White-tailed deer: Their foods and management in the Cross Timbers. The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation
Habitat Appraisal Guides for Bobwhite Quail. Circular E-904 OSU
Eastern Redcedar in Oklahoma, conference Proceeding Feb. 1985
Management of Beef Cattle for Efficient Reproduction. Circular E-869 OSU
Activities and Grazing Preferences of cows with Calves in Northern Osage County, Oklahoma, October 1961, Don Dyer.Contributors
Dr. Jack Eckroat, Grazing Lands Specialist, NRCS, Oklahoma
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Harry Fritzler, Steve Glasgow Contact for lead author Date 07/01/2005 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
There are none on this site due to high infiltration rates. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
There is little, if any, evidence of soil deposition or erosion (some possibly apparent after significant rain events). Water generally flows evenly over the entire landscape. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
There should not be any evidence of erosional pedestals or terracettes on this site. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
There is some variability, but it should average 15-25% bare ground on this site. Bare areas are small and not connected. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None, drainages are represented as natural stable channels; vegetation is common with no signs of erosion. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Uniform distribution of litter. Due to high infiltration rates, litter rarely moves >6, then only during high intensity storms. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Surface soil is stabilized (Stability Score 5-6). Stability scores based on a minimum of 6 samples tested. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
A horizon: 0 to 6 inches; brown fine sandy loam (some stony), granular structure. B2 horizon: 6 to 17 inches; pale brown gravelly fine sandy loam to brown loam, medium granular to subangular blocky structure. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Infiltration and runoff are not affected by any changes in plant community composition and distribution. (Tallgrass/ Bunchgrass/Trees dominant). Any changes in infiltration and runoff can be attributed to other factors (e.g. compaction). -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
There is usually no compaction layer. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Tallgrasses, MidgrassesSub-dominant:
Trees, ShrubsOther:
Forbs, Cool-Season Perennial GrassesAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
There is some plant mortality and decadence on the perennial grasses, especially in the absence of fire and herbivory, but usually <5%. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter should cover >75% of the area between plants with accumulations of ~1 inch deep. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Normal production is 1750 – 3500 pounds per year -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
No invasive species. Invasives might include: eastern redcedar, annuals and non-natives. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All plants capable of reproducing at least every year. Seed stalks, stalk length, and seedheads are numerous and what would be expected. Overall health of plants is what would be expected.
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