Sandy Floodplain Forest

Description

The reference plant community is categorized as a floodplain forest community, dominated by hydrophytic woody and herbaceous vegetation. The three community phases within the reference state are dependent on a regular flood regime. The amount and duration of flooding alters species composition, cover, and extent.

Dominant plant species

1. silver maple (Acer saccharinum), tree

2. American elm (Ulmus americana), tree

3. Virginia wildrye (Elymus submuticus), grass

4. riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), grass

5. American bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum), grass

Submodel

Description

Agricultural tile drainage, stream channelization, and levee construction in hydrologically-connected waters have drastically changed the natural hydrologic regime of Sandy Floodplain Forests. In addition, increased amounts of precipitation and intensity have amplified flooding events (Pryor et al. 2014). This has resulted in a type conversion from the species-rich forest to a ruderal floodplain forest state. In addition, exotic species have encroached and continuously spread, reducing native diversity and ecosystem stability (Eggers and Reed 2015).

Dominant plant species

1. silver maple (Acer saccharinum), tree

2. common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), tree

3. black walnut (Juglans nigra), tree

4. boxelder (Acer negundo), tree

5. dogwood (Cornus), shrub

6. creeping jenny (Lysimachia nummularia), grass

Submodel

Description

The pasture state arises when the site is converted to a farming system that emphasizes domestic livestock production, known as grassland agriculture. Fire suppression, periodic cultural treatments (e.g., clipping, drainage, soil amendment applications, planting new species and/or cultivars, mechanical harvesting) and grazing by domesticated livestock transition and maintain this state (USDA-NRCS 2003). Early settlers seeded non-native species, as smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) tall fescue (Festuca arundinace) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), to help extend the grazing season (Smith 1998). Over time, as lands were continuously harvested or grazed by herds of cattle, these species were able to spread and expand across the landscape, reducing the native species diversity and ecological function.

Dominant plant species

1. smooth brome (Bromus inermis), grass

2. tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), grass

3. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), grass

4. alfalfa (Medicago), grass

5. clover (Trifolium), grass

Submodel

Description

The Midwest is well-known for its highly-productive agricultural soils, and as a result, much of the MLRA has been converted to cropland, including portions of this ecological site. The continuous use of tillage, row-crop planting, and chemicals (i.e., herbicides, fertilizers, etc.) has effectively eliminated the reference community and many of its natural ecological functions in favor of crop production. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are the dominant crops for the site. These areas are likely to remain in crop production for the foreseeable future.

Dominant plant species

1. corn (Zea mays), grass

2. soybean (Glycine max), grass

Submodel

Description

The combination of natural and anthropogenic disturbances occurring today has resulted in numerous ecosystem health issues, and restoration back to the historic reference state may not be possible. Many natural forest communities are being stressed by non-native diseases and pests, habitat fragmentation, permanent changes in hydrologic regimes, and overabundant deer populations on top of naturally-occurring disturbances (severe weather and native pests) (Flickinger 2010). However, these habitats provide multiple ecosystem services including carbon sequestration; clean air and water; soil conservation; biodiversity support; wildlife habitat; as well as a variety of cultural activities (e.g., hiking, hunting) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Flickinger 2010). Therefore, conservation of floodplain forests should still be pursued. Habitat reconstructions are an important tool for repairing natural ecological functioning and providing habitat protection for numerous species . Therefore, ecological restoration should aim to aid the recovery of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. A successful restoration will have the ability to structurally and functionally sustain itself, demonstrate resilience to the ranges of stress and disturbance, and create and maintain positive biotic and abiotic interactions (SER 2002). The reconstructed forest state is the result of a long-term commitment involving a multi-step, adaptive management process.

Dominant plant species

1. maple (Acer), tree

2. elm (Ulmus), tree

3. willow (Salix), shrub

Submodel