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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 055C–Southern Black Glaciated Plains
The Southern Black Glaciated Plains (55C) is located within the Northern Great Plains Region. It is entirely within South Dakota encompassing about 10,835 square miles (Figure 1). The elevation ranges from 1,310 to 1,970 square feet. The MLRA is on nearly level to undulating glacial till plains interrupted by steeper slopes adjacent to streams and moraines. The James River is an under-fit stream. Its valley was carved by floodwaters draining glacial Lake Dakota and is filled with glacial outwash and alluvial deposits. (USDA-NRCS, 2006).
The dominant soil order in this MLRA is Mollisols. The soils in the area dominantly have a mesic soil temperature regime, an ustic soil moisture regime, and mixed or smectitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, well drained to very poorly drained, and clayey or loamy. This area supports natural prairie vegetation characterized by western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), green needlegrass (Nassella viridula), needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata), and porcupinegrass (Hesperostipa spartea) with Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) as the dominant vegetation on the poorly drained soils. (USDA-NRCS, 2006).Classification relationships
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Southern Black Glaciated Plains (55C) (USDA-NRCS, 2006)
USFS Subregions: North Central Glaciated Plains Section (251B); Yankton Hills and Valleys Subsection (251Bf); Western Glaciated Plains Section (332B); James River Lowland Subsection (332Bb); North Central Great Plains Section (332D); Southern Missouri Coteau Slope Subsection (332Dd); Southern Missouri Coteau Subsection (332De) - (Cleland et al., 2007).
US EPA Level IV Ecoregion: Southern Missouri Coteau (42e); Southern Missouri Coteau Slope (42f); James River Lowland (46n) - (USEPA, 2013)Ecological site concept
The Claypan ecological site typically occurs on nearly level slopes in the upland areas. Soils are moderately well drained and has a claypan (columnar structure) within 16 inches of the soil surface due to the sodium affected subsoil. The natric horizon in the subsoil typically has a Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) greater than 13 and/or an Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) greater than 15. The root restriction of the Natric horizon limits plant growth, production is lower, and species composition will tend towards shallow rooted and more tolerant of the higher sodium levels. Slopes can range from 0 to 3 percent. Vegetation in the Reference State is dominated by cool-season grasses and short warm-season grasses. This includes western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and blue grama. Non-native grasses such as smooth bromegrass and Kentucky bluegrass may invade due to shifts in disturbance regime.
Associated sites
R055CY010SD Loamy
These sites occur on upland areas. The soils are well drained and have less than 40 percent clay in the surface and subsoil. The central concept soil series are Clarno and Houdek, but other series are included.
R055CY011SD Clayey
These sites occur on upland areas. The soils are well drained, have greater than 40 percent clay in the surface and subsoil, and do not have a claypan between 6 and 16 inches. The central concept soil series is Beadle, but other series are included.
Similar sites
R055CY011SD Clayey
The Clayey site occurs in a similar landscape position and does not have a claypan (columnar structure) between 6 and 16 inches of the soil surface. The Clayey site will have more green needlegrass, less blue grama, and higher production than a Claypan site.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Nassella viridula
(2) Pascopyrum smithiiPhysiographic features
This site typically occurs on nearly level to gently sloping, undulating uplands.
Figure 2. Distribution Map of the Claypan Site within MLRA 55C. In many cases, data is not spatially consistent across political boundaries due to the method with which soils were mapped; e. g. county subsets.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Plain
(2) Till plain
(3) Flood plain
Flooding duration Brief (2 to 7 days) Flooding frequency None to frequent Ponding frequency None Elevation 1300 – 2000 ft Slope 1 – 5 % Water table depth 36 – 80 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
MLRA 55C is considered to have a continental climate: Cold winters and hot summers, low humidity, light rainfall, and much sunshine. Extremes in temperature may also abound. The climate is the result of this MLRA’s location near the geographic center of North America. There are few natural barriers on the Northern Great Plains, and air masses move freely across the plains and account for rapid changes in temperature.
Annual precipitation typically ranges from 19 to 25 inches per year. The average annual temperature is about 47°F. January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from about 15°F (Howard, South Dakota [SD]), to about 20°F (Wagner, SD). July is the warmest month with temperatures averaging from about 73°F (Howard, SD), to about 77°F (Wagner, SD). The range of normal average monthly temperatures between the coldest and warmest months is about 58°F. This large annual range attests to the continental nature of this area's climate. Hourly winds are estimated to average about 12 miles per hour (mph) annually, ranging from about 13 mph during the spring to about 11 mph during the summer. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime, and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 50 mph.
Growth of cool-season plants begins in early to mid-March, slowing or ceasing in late June. Warm-season plants begin growth about mid-May and continue to early or mid-September. Green-up of cool-season plants may occur in September and October when adequate soil moisture is present.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 120-130 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 140-150 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 20-30 in Frost-free period (actual range) 120-130 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 130-160 days Precipitation total (actual range) 20-30 in Frost-free period (average) 130 days Freeze-free period (average) 140 days Precipitation total (average) 20 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 4. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 5. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 6. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 7. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 8 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) REDFIELD [USC00397052], Redfield, SD
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(2) MILLER [USC00395561], Miller, SD
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(3) HURON RGNL AP [USW00014936], Huron, SD
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(4) DE SMET [USC00392302], De Smet, SD
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(5) HOWARD [USC00394037], Howard, SD
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(6) FORESTBURG 4 NNE [USC00393029], Artesian, SD
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(7) CHAMBERLAIN MUNI AP [USW00094943], Chamberlain, SD
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(8) CHAMBERLAIN 5 S [USC00391621], Chamberlain, SD
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(9) ACADEMY 2NE [USC00390043], Platte, SD
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(10) MITCHELL MUNI AP [USW00094950], Mitchell, SD
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(11) MITCHELL [USC00395669], Mitchell, SD
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(12) BRIDGEWATER [USC00391032], Bridgewater, SD
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(13) MARION [USC00395228], Marion, SD
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(14) SALEM 5NE [USC00395360], Salem, SD
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(15) ARMOUR [USC00390296], Armour, SD
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(16) WAGNER [USC00398767], Wagner, SD
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(17) TYNDALL [USC00398472], Tyndall, SD
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(18) MENNO [USC00395481], Menno, SD
">Influencing water features
No riparian areas or wetland features are directly associated with this site.
Soil features
The common features of soils in this site are clay loam to clay textured subsoils and slopes of 1 to 5 percent. The soils in this site are moderately well to somewhat poorly drained and formed in till and drift over till, or alluvium. The loam to silt loam surface layer is 4 to 11 inches thick. The extremely hard clayey Btn horizon has round-topped or “biscuit shaped” columnar structure. These Btn horizons are high in sodium. This site should show slight to no evidence of rills, wind scoured areas or pedestalled plants. Water flow paths are broken, irregular in appearance, or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers. The soil surface is stable and intact.
Soil series is Dudley.
These soils are mainly susceptible to water erosion. The hazard of water erosion increases where vegetation is diminished. Low available water capacity and very slow permeability strongly influences the soil-water-plant relationship.
Access Web Soil Survey (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm) for specific local soils information.Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Loam
(2) Silt loam
Drainage class Somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained Permeability class Very slow Soil depth 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 4 % Surface fragment cover >3" Not specified Available water capacity
(0-40in)5 – 7 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 15 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)2 – 16 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 20 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)5.6 – 9 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 5 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 2 % Ecological dynamics
State and Community Phases
The information in this Ecological Site Description, including the state-and-transition model (STM), was developed based on historical data, current field data, professional experience, and a review of the scientific literature. As a result, all possible scenarios or plant species may not be included. Key indicator plant species, disturbances, and ecological processes are described to inform land management decisions.
The site which is located in the Southern Black Glaciated Plains Region developed under Northern Great Plains climatic conditions and included natural influence of large herding herbivores and occasional fire. Changes will occur in the plant communities due to weather fluctuations and management actions. Under adverse impacts, a relatively rapid decline in vegetative vigor and composition can occur. Under favorable conditions, the site has the potential to resemble the Reference State. Interpretations for this site are based primarily on the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase. This community phase and the Reference State have been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, and areas under long-term rotational grazing regimes. Trends in plant community dynamics ranging from heavily grazed to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts also have been considered. Plant community phases, states, transitional pathways, and thresholds have been determined through similar studies and experience.
This ecological site (ES) has been grazed by domestic livestock since they were introduced into the area. The introduction of domestic livestock and the use of fencing and reliable water sources have changed the ecological dynamics of this site. Continuous season-long grazing (during the typical growing season of May through October) or repeated seasonal grazing (e.g., every spring, every summer) without adequate recovery periods following grazing events causes departure from the 3.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase. Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) will increase and eventually develop into a sod. Western wheatgrass will increase initially and then begin to decrease. Green needlegrass, needle and thread, porcupinegrass, sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) will decrease in frequency and production. Extended periods of nonuse and/or lack of fire will result in excessive litter and a plant community dominated by cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis), green needlegrass, and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum).
Following the state-and-transition diagram are narratives for each of the described states and community phases. These may not represent every possibility, but they are the most prevalent and repeatable states and community phases. The associated plant composition tables have been developed from the best available knowledge at the time of this revision. As more data are collected, some of these community phases and states may be revised or removed, and new ones may be added. The main purpose for including the descriptions here is to capture the current knowledge and experience at the time of this revision.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 9. State-And-Transition Model and Legend for the Claypan Site in MLRA 55C.
Figure 10. Matrix for the Claypan Site in MLRA 55C.
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
States 1, 5 and 2 (additional transitions)
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference StateThe Reference State represents the natural range of variability that dominated the dynamics of this ecological site (ES). This state was dominated by cool-season grasses, with warm-season grasses being subdominant. Prior to European settlement in North America, the primary disturbance mechanisms for this site in the Reference condition included periods of below and above average precipitation, periodic fire, and herbivory by insects and large ungulates. Timing of fires and herbivory coupled with weather events dictated the dynamics that occurred within the natural range of variability. Cool-season and taller warm-season grasses would have declined and a corresponding increase in short, warm-season grasses would have occurred. Today, a similar state, the Native/Invaded State (State 3) can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing and/or prescribed burning and sometimes on areas receiving occasional short periods of rest.
Community 1.1
Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue GramaInterpretations are based primarily on the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase (this is also considered to be the Reference Community). The potential vegetation was about 85 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. The community was dominated by cool-season grasses. The major grasses included western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and blue grama. Other grass or grass-like species included needle and thread, big bluestem, little bluestem, sideoats grama, slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), porcupinegrass, and fowl bluegrass (Poa palustris). This plant community was resilient and well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allowed for high tolerance to drought. This was a sustainable plant community in regard to site and soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity.
Figure 11. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1550 2047 2515 Forb 105 173 260 Shrub/Vine 45 80 125 Total 1700 2300 2900 Figure 12. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5502 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season . Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Community 1.2
Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-BuffalograssThis plant community evolved under heavy, continuous grazing or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community was made up of approximately 85 percent grasses and grass-like species, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses included western wheatgrass, blue grama, buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides), green needlegrass, sideoats grama, and needle and thread. Grasses of secondary importance included little bluestem, porcupinegrass, big bluestem, and sedge (Abildgaardia). Forbs commonly found in this plant community included cudweed sagewort (Artemisia ludoviciana), prairie coneflower (Ratibida columnifera), and western yarrow (Achillea millefolium). This plant community had similar plant composition to the 3.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase. The main difference is that this plant community phase did not have the presence of non-native invasive species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass.
When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Big Bluestem Plant Community Phase, blue grama and buffalograss increased. Green needlegrass and porcupinegrass decreased and production of mid- and tall warm-season grasses was also reduced. This plant community was moderately resistant to change. The herbaceous species present were well adapted to grazing; however, species composition could be altered through long-term overgrazing. If the herbaceous component was intact, it tended to be resilient if the disturbance was not long-term.Figure 13. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5503 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season/warm-season codominant.. Cool-season, warm-season codominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 20 28 21 10 5 3 0 0 Community 1.3
Little Bluestem-Switchgrass-Western WheatgrassThis plant community was a result of fire occurring at relatively frequent intervals. This phase could have also resulted from a combination of grazing events immediately following early season fire (i.e., large ungulates attracted to highly nutritious vegetative growth following a fire). These events would have caused a reduction in cool-season grasses and an increase in warm-season grasses. The warm-season grasses were more tolerant of shorter return intervals of fire and would have increased in vigor and production leading to a temporary shift to this phase. Needlegrasses would have decreased most significantly amongst the cool-season grasses. The potential vegetation was about 80 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 15 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. The community was dominated by warm-season grasses. The major grasses included little bluestem, big bluestem, switchgrass, Indiangrass (Sorhgastrum nutans), sideoats grama, and western wheatgrass. Other grass or grass-like species included green needlegrass, porcupinegrass, needle and thread, blue grama, slender wheatgrass, tall dropseed (Sporobolus compositus), and sedges (Cyperaceae). This plant community was not resistant to change and would have readily shifted back to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase with a return of more normal fire return intervals.
Figure 14. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5504 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, warm-season dominant, cool-season . Warm-season dominant, cool-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 7 18 24 25 15 7 1 0 0 Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2Heavy, continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites, will shift this community to the 1.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Buffalograss Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.3Prescribed burning (occurring at relatively frequent intervals every 3 to 5 years), a return to normal disturbance regime levels and frequencies, periodic light to moderate grazing possibly including periodic rest, and occasional grazing events immediately following early season fire caused a reduction in cool-season grasses and an increase in warm-season grasses. The warm-season grasses were more tolerant of shorter return intervals of fire and would increase in vigor and production leading to a temporary shift to the 1.3 Little Bluestem-Switchgrass-Western Wheatgrass Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1Prescribed grazing, and/or prescribed burning (occurring at relatively frequent intervals, every 3 to 5 years), a return to normal disturbance regime levels and frequencies, or periodic light to moderate grazing, possibly including periodic rest, will convert this plant community to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.1Prescribed grazing (alternating season of use and providing adequate recovery periods), periodic light to moderate grazing (possibly including periodic rest, or occurring at relatively frequent intervals, every 3 to 5 years), and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may convert this plant community to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
State 2
Shortgrass Sod StateThe Shortgrass Sod State is the result of heavy, continuous grazing, and in the absence of periodic fire due to fire suppression. This state is dominated by blue grama and buffalograss forming a dense sod layer that effectively blocks introduction of other plants into the system. Taller cool-season species will decline and a corresponding increase in short-statured grass will occur. Once the threshold is crossed, a change in grazing management alone cannot cause a reduction in the sod grass dominance.
Community 2.1
Blue Grama-BuffalograssThis plant community evolved under heavy, continuous season grazing or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community was made up of approximately 85 percent grasses and grass-like species, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses typically included blue grama and buffalograss. Grasses of secondary importance included sedge and western wheatgrass. Forbs commonly found in this plant community included cudweed sagewort, scurfpea (Cullen), and western yarrow. When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase, blue grama and buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides) were dominant on this plant community. Cool-season grasses decreased significantly. This vegetation state was very resistant to change. The herbaceous species present were well adapted to grazing. This plant community was less productive than other phases. The thick sod prevented other species from getting established.
Figure 15. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5505 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, warm-season dominant.. Warm-season dominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 2 5 15 25 30 15 7 1 0 0 State 3
Native/Invaded StateThe Native/Invaded State represents the more common range of variability that exists with higher levels of grazing management, but in the absence of periodic fire due to fire suppression. This state is dominated by cool-season grasses. It can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing and/or prescribed burning, and sometimes on areas receiving occasional short periods of rest. Taller cool-season species can decline and a corresponding increase in short statured grass will occur.
Community 3.1
Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue GramaThis plant community phase is similar to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase but it also contains minor amounts of non-native invasive grass species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass (up to about 15 percent by air-dry weight). The potential vegetation is about 85 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. The community is dominated by cool-season grasses, with warm-season grasses being subdominant. The major grasses include western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and blue grama. Other grass or grass-like species include needle and thread, big bluestem, little bluestem, sideoats grama, slender wheatgrass, porcupinegrass, and fowl bluegrass. This plant community is resilient and well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for high tolerance to drought. This is a sustainable plant community in regards to site and soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity.
Figure 16. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5502 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season . Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Community 3.2
3.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky BluegrassThis plant community is a result of heavy, continuous grazing, continuous season-long grazing, or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 80 percent grasses and grass-like species, 15 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses include western wheatgrass, blue grama, and Kentucky bluegrass. Grasses of secondary importance include sideoats grama, little bluestem, green needlegrass, needle and thread, porcupinegrass, big bluestem, buffalograss, smooth bromegrass, and sedge. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include cudweed sagewort, prairie coneflower, and western yarrow.
When compared to the 3.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase, blue grama has increased. Green needlegrass and sideoats grama have decreased and production of mid- and tall warm-season grasses has also been reduced. This plant community is moderately resistant to change. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. If the herbaceous component is intact, it tends to be resilient if the disturbance is not long-term.Figure 17. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1105 1522 1920 Forb 80 128 190 Shrub/Vine 15 50 90 Total 1200 1700 2200 Figure 18. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5502 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season . Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.2Heavy, continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites, will shift this community to the 3.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.1Prescribed grazing (alternating season of use and providing adequate recovery periods) or periodic light to moderate grazing possibly including periodic rest will convert this plant community to the 3.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
State 4
Invaded StateThe Invaded State is the result of invasion and dominance of introduced species. This state is characterized by the dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass and an increasing thatch layer that effectively blocks introduction of other plants into the system. Plant litter accumulation tends to favor the more shade tolerant introduced grass species. The nutrient cycle is also impaired and the result is typically a higher level of nitrogen which also favors the introduced species. Increasing plant litter decreases the amount of sunlight reaching plant crowns thereby shifting competitive advantage to shade tolerant introduced grass species. Studies indicate that soil biological activity is altered and this shift exploits the soil microclimate and encourages growth of the introduced grass species. Once the threshold is crossed, a change in grazing management alone cannot cause a reduction in the invasive grass dominance. Preliminary studies to indicate this threshold may exist when Kentucky bluegrass exceeds 30 percent of the plant community and native grasses represent less than 40 percent of the plant community composition.
Once the state is well established, even drastic events such as high intensity fires driven by high fuel loads of litter and thatch will not result in more than a very short-term reduction of Kentucky bluegrass. These events may reduce the dominance of Kentucky bluegrass but due to the large amount of rhizomes in the soil there is no opportunity for the native species to establish before Kentucky bluegrass rebounds.Community 4.1
Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky BluegrassThis plant community phase is a result of extended periods of non-use and no fire. It is characterized by a dominance of smooth bromegrass and Kentucky bluegrass. The dominance is at times so complete that other species are difficult to find on the site. A thick duff layer also accumulates at or above the soil surface. Nutrient cycling is greatly reduced and native plants have great difficulty becoming established. When dominated by smooth bromegrass, infiltration is moderately reduced and runoff is moderate. Production can be equal to or higher than the interpretive plant community. However, when dominated by Kentucky bluegrass, infiltration is greatly reduced and runoff is high. Production in this case will likely be significantly less. In either case, the period that palatability is high is relatively short, as these cool-season species mature rapidly. Energy capture is also reduced.
Figure 19. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 7. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1370 2238 2675 Forb 110 188 285 Shrub/Vine 20 74 140 Total 1500 2500 3100 Figure 20. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5501 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant.. Cool-season dominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 4 12 25 36 10 5 4 4 0 0 Community 4.2
Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue GramaThis plant community phase is a result of heavy, continuous seasonal grazing or heavy, continuous season-long grazing. It is characterized by a dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and blue grama. The dominance is at times so complete that other species are difficult to find on the site. A relatively thick duff layer can sometimes accumulate at or above the soil surface and eventually a thatch-mat layer may develop at the surface as well.. Nutrient cycling is greatly reduced and native plants have great difficulty becoming established. Infiltration is greatly reduced and runoff is high. Production will be significantly reduced when compared to the interpretive plant community. The period that palatability is high is relatively short as Kentucky bluegrass matures rapidly. Energy capture is also reduced. Biological activity in the soil is likely reduced significantly in this phase.
Figure 21. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 8. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 735 1044 1335 Forb 55 120 200 Shrub/Vine 10 36 65 Total 800 1200 1600 Figure 22. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5502 , Southern Black Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season . Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Community 4.3
Annual Pioneer-Perennial PioneerThe Annual Pioneer-Perennial Pioneer plant community developed under continuous, heavy grazing or other excessive disturbances. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 40 to 80 percent grasses and grass-like species, 20 to 60 percent forbs, and 0 to 5 percent shrubs. The species present in this phase are highly variable but often include non-native invasive and early seral species. Plant diversity is low (plant richness may be high, but areas are often dominated by a few species). The ecological processes are difficult to restore because of the loss of plant diversity and overall soil disturbance. Soil erosion is potentially very high because of the bare ground and shallow rooted herbaceous plant community. Water runoff will increase and infiltration will decrease due to animal related soil compaction and loss of root mass due to low plant diversity and vigor. This plant community will require significant economic inputs and time to move towards another plant community. This movement is highly variable in its succession. This is due to the loss of diversity (including the loss of the seed bank), within the existing plant community, and the plant communities on adjacent sites. This community can be renovated to improve the production capability; however, if management changes are not made the vegetation could revert back to early seral species.
Pathway 4.1A
Community 4.1 to 4.2Heavy, continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites, will shift this community to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Gama Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 4.2A
Community 4.2 to 4.1Prescribed grazing (alternating season of use and providing adequate recovery periods) or periodic light to moderate grazing (possibly including periodic rest) will convert this plant community to the 4.1 Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Grazing Pathway 4.3A
Community 4.3 to 4.2This community pathway occurs with the passage of time as successional processes take place and perennial plants gradually begin to establish on the site again. This pathway will lead to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
Conservation practices
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) State 5
Crop Production StateThe Crop Production State is characterized by the production of annual crops using a variety of tillage and cropping systems along with management practices.
Community 5.1
Annual CropsThis plant community developed with the use of a variety of tillage and cropping systems for the production of annual crops including corn, soybeans, wheat, and a variety of other crops.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Heavy, continuous grazing (stocking levels well above carrying capacity for extended portions of the growing season, and often at the same time of year each year, typically beginning early in the season) will convert this plant community to the 2.1 Blue Grama-Buffalograss Plant Community Phase within the Shortgrass Sod State (State 2).
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Non-use and/or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, heavy continuous grazing, or invasion of non-native plant species will likely lead this state over a threshold resulting in the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Transition T5
State 1 to 4Encroachment of non-native invasive and noxious species, abandonment of cropping, or seeding of introduced or native improved varieties of forage species may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4), and more specifically to the 4.3 Annual/Pioneer, Non-native Perennial Plant Community Phase. In the case of a seeding, refer to the corresponding Forage Suitability Group (FSG) description for adapted species and expected production (production estimates in the FSG description may be unrealistically high due to the degraded condition of the site at this phase).
Transition T1C
State 1 to 5Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 5.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 5).
Transition T5
State 2 to 4Encroachment of non-native invasive or noxious species, abandonment of cropping, or seeding of introduced or native improved varieties of forage species may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4), and more specifically to the 4.3 Annual/Pioneer, Non-native Perennial Plant Community Phase. In the case of a seeding, refer to the corresponding Forage Suitability Group (FSG) description for adapted species and expected production (production estimates in the FSG description may be unrealistically high due to the degraded condition of the site at this phase).
Transition T2A
State 2 to 5Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 5.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 5).
Transition T3A, T3B
State 3 to 4Non-use and/or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 4.1 Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky Bluegrass Community Phase within the Invaded State (State 4) Heavy continuous grazing (stocking levels well above carrying capacity for extended portions of the growing season and often at the same time of year each year), will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Grama Community Phase within the Invaded State (State 4). Grazing repeatedly in the early growing season can expedite this shift by causing mechanical disturbance due to trampling.
Transition T3C
State 3 to 5Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 5.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 5).
Restoration pathway T4A
State 4 to 3Long-term prescribed grazing (moderate stocking levels coupled with adequate recovery periods, or other grazing systems such as high-density, low-frequency intended to treat specific species dominance, or periodic light to moderate stocking levels possibly including periodic rest) coupled with prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Transition T4B
State 4 to 5Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 5.1 Annual Crops Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 5).
Restoration pathway T5A
State 5 to 3Seeding may lead this Crop Production State (State 5) over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Restoration pathway T5B, T5C
State 5 to 4Seeding may lead this Crop Production State (State 5) over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4). Cropping followed by abandonment may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4) and more specifically to the 4.3 Annual Pioneer-Perennial Pioneer Plant Community Phase.
Additional community tables
Table 9. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Cool-Season Bunchgrasses 345–690 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 230–690 – fowl bluegrass POPA2 Poa palustris 115–460 – needle and thread HECOC8 Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata 115–460 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 115–460 – 2 Wheatgrass 345–690 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 345–690 – slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 46–230 – 3 Short Warm-Season Grasses 115–345 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 115–345 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 46–184 – saltgrass DISP Distichlis spicata 0–69 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–46 – 4 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 115–230 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 46–230 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 0–184 – prairie sandreed CALO Calamovilfa longifolia 0–115 – 5 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 115–230 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 46–230 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 46–230 – 6 Other Native Grasses 23–115 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–115 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 23–69 – tumblegrass SCPA Schedonnardus paniculatus 0–46 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–46 – 7 Grass-likes 46–230 sedge CAREX Carex 46–184 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–69 – Forb8 Forbs 115–230 Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 23–69 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 23–69 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 23–46 – scarlet beeblossom GACO5 Gaura coccinea 23–46 – silverleaf Indian breadroot PEAR6 Pediomelum argophyllum 23–46 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 23–46 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 23–46 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 23–46 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 23–46 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–46 – Nuttall's violet VINU2 Viola nuttallii 0–23 – curlycup gumweed GRSQ Grindelia squarrosa 0–23 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–23 – leafy wildparsley MUDI Musineon divaricatum 0–23 – textile onion ALTE Allium textile 0–23 – pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria 0–23 – milkweed ASCLE Asclepias 0–23 – mouse-ear chickweed CERAS Cerastium 0–23 – wavyleaf thistle CIUN Cirsium undulatum 0–23 – Shrub/Vine9 Shrubs 46–115 snowberry SYMPH Symphoricarpos 23–69 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–46 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–46 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 23–46 – Table 10. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Cool-Season Bunchgrasses 85–255 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 34–255 – needle and thread HECOC8 Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata 17–136 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 17–136 – fowl bluegrass POPA2 Poa palustris 0–102 – 2 Wheatgrass 255–510 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 255–510 – slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 0–68 – 3 Short Warm-Season Grasses 255–425 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 170–425 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 34–204 – saltgrass DISP Distichlis spicata 0–85 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–51 – 4 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 0–85 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 0–51 – prairie sandreed CALO Calamovilfa longifolia 0–51 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 0–51 – 5 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 0–85 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 0–85 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 0–85 – 6 Other Native Grasses 17–85 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–85 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–34 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 17–34 – tumblegrass SCPA Schedonnardus paniculatus 0–34 – 7 Grass-likes 17–170 sedge CAREX Carex 17–170 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–51 – 8 Non-Native Grasses 85–425 Kentucky bluegrass POPR Poa pratensis 51–425 – brome BROMU Bromus 17–170 – quackgrass ELRE4 Elymus repens 0–85 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–85 – Forb9 Forbs 85–170 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–85 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 0–68 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 17–68 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 17–51 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 17–51 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 17–51 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 17–51 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 17–34 – common dandelion TAOF Taraxacum officinale 0–34 – yellow salsify TRDU Tragopogon dubius 17–34 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–34 – silverleaf Indian breadroot PEAR6 Pediomelum argophyllum 17–34 – curlycup gumweed GRSQ Grindelia squarrosa 0–34 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–17 – mouse-ear chickweed CERAS Cerastium 0–17 – wavyleaf thistle CIUN Cirsium undulatum 0–17 – pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria 0–17 – leafy wildparsley MUDI Musineon divaricatum 0–17 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–17 – Shrub/Vine10 Shrubs 17–85 prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–51 – snowberry SYMPH Symphoricarpos 17–51 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–34 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 0–17 – Table 15. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Cool-Season Bunchgrasses 0–200 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 0–175 – fowl bluegrass POPA2 Poa palustris 0–100 – 2 Wheatgrass 0–250 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–250 – 3 Short Warm-Season Grasses 0–175 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 0–125 – saltgrass DISP Distichlis spicata 0–75 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–50 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 0–50 – 4 Other Native Grasses 0–125 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–125 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–25 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–25 – 5 Grass-likes 0–125 sedge CAREX Carex 0–125 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–75 – 6 Non-Native Grasses 750–1750 smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 500–1625 – Kentucky bluegrass POPR Poa pratensis 125–625 – brome BROMU Bromus 25–375 – quackgrass ELRE4 Elymus repens 0–200 – Forb7 Forbs 125–250 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–200 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 0–150 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–75 – silverleaf Indian breadroot PEAR6 Pediomelum argophyllum 0–75 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 25–75 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 25–75 – common dandelion TAOF Taraxacum officinale 25–75 – yellow salsify TRDU Tragopogon dubius 25–75 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 0–50 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 25–50 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 0–50 – pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria 0–25 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–25 – mouse-ear chickweed CERAS Cerastium 0–25 – curlycup gumweed GRSQ Grindelia squarrosa 0–25 – Shrub/Vine8 Shrubs 25–125 snowberry SYMPH Symphoricarpos 25–100 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 25–50 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–50 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–25 – Table 16. Community 4.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Cool-Season Bunchgrasses 0–60 fowl bluegrass POPA2 Poa palustris 0–60 – 2 Wheatgrass 0–60 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–60 – 3 Short Warm-Season Grasses 120–300 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 60–300 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 12–120 – saltgrass DISP Distichlis spicata 0–96 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–36 – 4 Other Native Grasses 12–60 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–60 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 12–24 – tumblegrass SCPA Schedonnardus paniculatus 0–12 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–12 – 5 Grass-likes 36–180 sedge CAREX Carex 36–180 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–24 – 6 Non-Native Grasses 300–600 Kentucky bluegrass POPR Poa pratensis 120–540 – brome BROMU Bromus 24–240 – quackgrass ELRE4 Elymus repens 24–144 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–96 – Forb7 Forbs 60–180 Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 12–96 – sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–84 – curlycup gumweed GRSQ Grindelia squarrosa 12–60 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 12–48 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 12–48 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–36 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 12–36 – common dandelion TAOF Taraxacum officinale 12–36 – yellow salsify TRDU Tragopogon dubius 12–36 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 0–24 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–24 – silverleaf Indian breadroot PEAR6 Pediomelum argophyllum 12–24 – pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria 0–12 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 0–12 – Shrub/Vine8 Shrubs 12–60 snowberry SYMPH Symphoricarpos 0–36 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 12–36 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 0–12 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–12 – Table 17. Community 4.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 18. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
The following table lists annual, suggested initial stocking rates with average growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of conservation planning. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ES description). Because of this, a resource inventory is necessary to document plant composition and production. More accurate carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using the following stocking rate information along with animal preference data and actual stocking records, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. With consultation of the land manager, more intensive grazing management may result in improved harvest efficiencies and increased carrying capacity. Stocking rates are calculated using Animal-Unit-Month (AUM), which is the amount of air-dry forage required to feed a cow, with or without calf, for one month.
Western Wheatgrass/Needlegrass/Blue Grama (1.1 & 3.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 2,300
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.63
Western Wheatgrass/Blue Grama/Kentucky Bluegrass (3.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 1,700
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.47
Smooth Bromegrass/Kentucky Bluegrass (4.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 2,500
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.69
Kentucky Bluegrass/Blue Grama (4.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 1,200
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.33
Annual/Pioneer, Non-Native Perennial (4.3)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 800
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.22
*Based on 912 lbs./acre (air-dry weight) per Animal Unit Month (AUM) and on 25 percent harvest efficiency (refer to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), National Range and Pasture Handbook).
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock will likely be lacking protein to meet livestock requirements and added protein will allow ruminants to better utilize the energy stored in grazed plant materials. A forage quality test (either directly or through fecal sampling) should be used to determine the level of supplementation needed.Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group D. Infiltration varies from very slow to slow and runoff potential for this site varies from high to very high depending on soil hydrologic group, slope, and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75 percent ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. An example of an exception would be where shortgrasses form a strong sod and dominate the site. Dominance by blue grama, buffalograss, bluegrass, and smooth bromegrass will result in reduced infiltration and increased runoff. Areas where ground cover is less than 50 percent have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Section 4, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves).
Recreational uses
This site provides hunting, hiking, photography, bird watching, and other opportunities. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an aesthetic value that appeals to visitors.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are typically present on this site.
Other products
Seed harvest of native plant species can provide additional income on this site.
Other information
Ecological Site Correlation Issues and Questions:
• SD069 Hyde County, SD did not use the (CnA) Cavo-Glenham loams, nearly level (national symbol ctwt) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County, SD.
• SD115 Spink County, SD did not use the (HlA) Houdek-Dudley complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol 2wbpw) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County, SD.
• SD115 Spink County, SD did not use the (DtA) Dudley-Tetonka silt loams (national symbol cwym) as used in the adjoining SD005 Beadle County, SD.
• SD111 Sanborn County, SD did not use the (DtA) Dudley-Tetonka silt loams (national symbol cwym) as used in the adjoining SD005 Beadle County, SD.
• SD073 Jerauld County, SD did not use the (DtA) Dudley-Tetonka silt loams (national symbol cwym) as used in the adjoining SD005 Beadle County, SD.
• SD035 Davison County, SD did not use the (HdA) Houdek-Dudley complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol 2wbpw) as used in the adjoining SD003 Aurora County, SD.
• SD097 Miner County, SD did not use the (DsA) Stickney-Dudley silt loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol 2wkpg) as used in the adjoining SD602 Hanson and Hutchinson Counties, SD.
• SD005 Beadle County, SD did not use the (Ws) Woonsocket-Whitelake fine sandy loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol cz6g) as used in the adjoining SD115 Spink County, SD.
• SD005 Beadle County, SD did not use the (Nv) Northville-Farmsworth-Hoven silt loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol cz59) as used in the adjoining SD115 Spink County, SD.
• SD005 Beadle County, SD did not use the (Su) Stickney-Dudley-Hoven silt loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (national symbol 2wkpf) as used in the adjoining SD115 Spink County, SD.
• Reference and alternative states within the state and transition model are may not be fully documented and may require additional field sampling for refinement.Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived using field observations from range-trained personnel. Those involved in developing this site include: Stan Boltz, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Bruce Kunze, Soil Scientist, NRCS. Data Source Sample Period State County SCS-RANGE-417 (0028546097) 10/9/1985 SD Miner
Other references
Cleland, D.T., J.A. Freeouf, J.E. Keys, G.J. Nowacki, C. Carpenter, and W.H. McNab. 2007. Ecological Subregions: Sections and Subsections of the Coterminous United States. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-76. Washington, DC.
Gilbert, M. C., Whited, P. M., Clairain Jr, E. J., & Smith, R. D. (2006). A Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Prairie Potholes. Washington DC.
Samson, F. B., & Knopf, F. L. (1996). Prairie Conservation Preserving North America's Most Endagered Ecosystem. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Official Soil Series Descriptions. Available online. Accessed March 2018.
United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2003. National Range and Pasture Handbook, Revision 1. Grazing Lands Technology Institute.
United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.
USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center, (http://soils.usda.gov/technical/nasis/)
USDA, NRCS. 2019. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 March 2019).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 2013. Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States. Corvallis, OR, U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, map scale 1:3,000,000. Available at http://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions- continental-united-states. (Accessed 13 March 2019).
High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska. (http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/)
USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center. (http://wcc.nrcs.usda.gov)
USDA, NRCS. National Range and Pasture Handbook, September 1997
USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center.Contributors
Stan Boltz
Approval
Suzanne Mayne-Kinney, 1/31/2024
Acknowledgments
Contact for Lead Authors: Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS), Redfield Soil Survey Office Redfield, SD; Lance Howe (Lance.Howe@usda.gov), Soil Survey Office Leader, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD; and Steve Winter (Steven.Winter@usda.gov), Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD Additional Information Acknowledgment: Jason Hermann (Jason.Hermann@usda.gov), Area Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD. This Provisional Ecological Site concept has passed both Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes. Officially approved for publication by David Kraft as of 11/12/2020. Non-discrimination Statement In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, available online and at any USDA office, or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632- 9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: program.intake@usda.gov.
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) David Schmidt, Tim Nordquist, Stan Boltz Contact for lead author david.schmidt@sd.usda.gov 605-352-1236 Date 12/07/2004 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
Rills should not be present. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Barely observable. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Essentially, non-existent. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground less than 15 percent and less than 2 inches in diameter. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies should not be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Little to no plant litter movement. Plant litter remains in place and is not moved by erosional forces. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Stability class roughly 3-5. Relatively high root content. Soil surface is resistant to erosion. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Use soil series description for depth and color of A-horizon. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Healthy, deep rooted native grasses enhance infiltration and reduce runoff. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No compaction layer should be evident. At less than eight inches, an extremely dense clay B horizon with round-topped columnar or prismatic structure exists. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Mid cool-season rhizomatous grasses > mid and tall cool-season bunchgrasses >>Sub-dominant:
Short warm-season grasses > tall warm-season rhizomatous grass = short warms eason grass = short cool-season grass = forbOther:
Tall warm-season grasses = mid warm-season grasses = forbs = short grass-likes > short cool-season grasses = shrubs.Additional:
Due to differing root structure and distribution, Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass do not fit into reference plant community F/S groups. -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Very little to no evidence of decadence or mortality. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
1,700–2,900 lbs./acre air-dry weight, average 2,300 lbs./acre air-dry weight. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Refer to State and Local Noxious Weed List, also Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species are capable of reproducing.
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PrintThe Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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