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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 053C–Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains
The Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains (53C) is located within the Northern Great Plains Region. It is entirely in South Dakota encompassing about 3,990 square miles (Figure 1). The elevation ranges from 1,300 to 2,300 feet. The MLRA is level to gently rolling till plains including many areas of potholes. A terminal moraine occurs in the southern end of the MLRA. Moderately steep and steep slopes are adjacent to the major valleys. The headwaters of many creeks in central South Dakota occur in the high-lying MLRA. (USDA-NRCS 2006).
The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Mollisols and Inceptisols. The soils in the area dominantly have a mesic soil temperature regime, an ustic soil moisture regime, and mixed or smectitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, well drained or moderately well drained, and are loamy or clayey. This area supports natural prairie vegetation characterized by western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), needleandthread (Hesperostipa comata), and green needlegrass (Nassella viridula). Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia) are important species on steeper sites. Western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) and prairie rose (Rosa arkansana) are commonly dispersed throughout the area. (USDA-NRCS 2006).Classification relationships
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains (53C) (USDA-NRCS 2006)
USFS Subregions: Northeastern Glaciated Plains Section (331E); Missouri Coteau Subsection (331Ea); Western Great Plains Section (331F); Missouri Breaks Subsection (331Fe); Western Glaciated Plains Section (332B); Southern Missouri Coteau Slope Subsection (332Bd, 332Be); North Central Great Plains Section (332D); Southern Missouri Coteau Slope Subsection (332Dd); Southern Missouri Coteau Subsection (332De) - (Cleland et al. 2007).
US EPA Level IV Ecoregion: Missouri Coteau (42a); Southern Missouri Coteau (42e); Southern Missouri Coteau Slope (42f) - (USEPA 2013)Ecological site concept
The Loamy ecological site occurs on upland areas. Soils are well drained and have less than 40 percent clay in the surface and/or subsoil. The surface and subsoil textures typically are loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, and very fine sandy loam. Some soils are underlain with sand and/or gravel at about two to three feet in depth. In some areas the surface layer may consist of stony to extremely stony. Slopes can range from 0 to 25 percent.
Vegetation in the Reference State includes western wheatgrass and needlegrasses. Forbs include goldenrods, cudweed sagewort, and Cuman ragweed. Non-native grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, smooth brome, quackgrass, and Eastern Red Cedar may invade the site due to changes in disturbance regime.Associated sites
R053CY011SD Clayey
These sites occur on uplands. Soils are well drained and have greater than 40 percent clay in the subsoil. The central concept soil series are Demky, Oko, and Raber, but other series are included.
R053CY012SD Thin Upland
These sites occur on uplands. Soils are well drained and will effervesce with acid at or near the surface. The central concept soil series are Ethan, Java, and Betts, but other series are included.
R053CY020SD Loamy Overflow
These sites occur in upland swales. Soils are moderately well drained which have water flow into and over or through the site. The central concept soil series are Mobridge, Onita, and Prosper but other series are included.
Similar sites
R053CY011SD Clayey
The Clayey site is in a similar landscape position, but the soils have greater than 40 percent clay in the surface and/or subsoil. (more green needlegrass; less needleandthread and big bluestem)
R053CY020SD Loamy Overflow
The Loamy Overflow site occurs in upland swales. Soils are moderately well drained which have water flow into and over/through the site. (more big bluestem; higher production)
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Pascopyrum smithii
(2) Nassella viridulaPhysiographic features
This site occurs on nearly level to steeply sloping uplands.
Figure 2. Distribution map
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Plain
(2) Till plain
(3) Outwash plain
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 1300 – 2300 ft Slope 1 – 12 % Water table depth 51 – 80 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
MLRA 53C is considered to have a continental climate – cold winters and hot summers, low humidity, light rainfall, and much sunshine. Extremes in temperature may also abound. The climate is the result of this MLRA’s location near the geographic center of North America. There are few natural barriers on the Northern Great Plains and air masses move freely across the plains and account for rapid changes in temperature.
Annual precipitation typically ranges from 15 to 25 inches per year. The average annual temperature is about 45°F. January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from about 15°F (Stephan, South Dakota (SD)), to about 16°F (Onida 4 NW, SD). July is the warmest month with temperatures averaging from about 72°F (Stephan, SD), to about 74°F (Onida 4 NW, SD). The range of normal average monthly temperatures between the coldest and warmest months is about 58°F. This large annual range attests to the continental nature of this area's climate. Hourly winds are estimated to average about 12 miles per hour (mph) annually, ranging from about 13 mph during the spring to about 11 mph during the summer. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 50 mph.
Growth of cool-season plants begins in early to mid-March, slowing or ceasing in late June. Warm-season plants begin growth about mid-May and continue to early or mid-September. Greenup of cool-season plants may occur in September and October when adequate soil moisture is present.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 110-130 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 130-150 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 20-20 in Frost-free period (actual range) 100-130 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 130-160 days Precipitation total (actual range) 20-20 in Frost-free period (average) 120 days Freeze-free period (average) 140 days Precipitation total (average) 20 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 4. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 5. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 6. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 7. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 8 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) GETTYSBURG 13W [USC00393302], Gettysburg, SD
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(2) GETTYSBURG [USC00393294], Gettysburg, SD
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(3) HIGHMORE 23 N [USC00393838], Highmore, SD
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(4) ONIDA 4 NW [USC00396292], Onida, SD
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(5) PIERRE RGNL AP [USW00024025], Pierre, SD
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(6) HARROLD 12 SSW [USC00393608], Pierre, SD
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(7) STEPHAN 2 NW [USC00397992], Highmore, SD
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(8) WESSINGTON SPRINGS [USC00399070], Wessington Springs, SD
">Influencing water features
No riparian areas or wetland features are directly associated with this site.
Soil features
The common features of soils in this site are loam to silty clay loam textured subsurface soils (occasionally clay), with slopes ranging from 1 to 12 percent. The soils in this site are well-drained and formed in till and alluvium. The soil surface texture is generally loam to silty clay loam. The soils have a moderate to slow infiltration rate. Some soils crack when dry. When these soils are wet, surface compaction can occur with heavy traffic. This site typically should show slight to no evidence of rills, wind scoured areas or pedestalled plants. If present, water flow paths are broken, irregular in appearance, or discontinuous. The soil surface is stable and intact. Subsurface soil layers are nonrestrictive to water movement and root penetration.The central concept soil series for this site are Agar, Glenham, and Highmore, but other series are included.
These soils are mainly susceptible to water erosion. The hazard of water erosion increases on slopes greater than about nine percent. Loss of 50 percent or more of the surface layer of the soils on this site can result in a shift in species composition and/or production.
Access Web Soil Survey (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/) for specific local soils information.Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Loam
(2) Silt loam
(3) Silty clay loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained to moderately well drained Permeability class Very slow to moderately slow Soil depth 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" Not specified Surface fragment cover >3" Not specified Available water capacity
(0-40in)5 – 8 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 15 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 2 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 3 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)6.1 – 8.4 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 42 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 8 % Ecological dynamics
State and Community Phases
The information in this Ecological Site Description, including the state-and-transition model (STM), was developed based on historical data, current field data, professional experience, and a review of the scientific literature. As a result, all possible scenarios or plant species may not be included. Key indicator plant species, disturbances, and ecological processes are described to inform land management decisions.
The site which is located in the Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains Region developed under Northern Great Plains climatic conditions and included natural influence of large herding herbivores and occasional fire. Changes will occur in the plant communities due to weather fluctuations and/or management actions. Under adverse impacts, a relatively rapid decline in vegetative vigor and composition can occur. Under favorable conditions the site has the potential to resemble the Reference State. Interpretations for this site are based primarily on the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase. This community phase and the Reference State have been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, and areas under long-term rotational grazing regimes. Trends in plant community dynamics ranging from heavily grazed to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts also have been considered. Plant community phases, states, transitional pathways, and thresholds have been determined through similar studies and experience. Due to a general invasion of exotic species (such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis)) across the MLRA within this site, returning to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Needleandthread Plant Community Phase may not be possible.
This ecological site (ES) has been grazed by domestic livestock since they have been introduced into the area. The introduction of domestic livestock and the use of fencing and reliable water sources have changed the ecological dynamics of this site. Heavy continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods following each grazing occurrence causes departure from the 3.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase. Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) will increase and eventually develop into a sod. Western wheatgrass will increase initially and then begin to decrease. Green needlegrass, needleand thread, porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea), sideoats grama, big bluestem, and little bluestem will decrease in frequency and production. Extended periods of nonuse and lack of fire will result in excessive litter and a plant community dominated by cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, green needlegrass, and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Extended periods of no surface fire could result in the invasion of conifers in which eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) will increase and could eventually dominate the site.
Following the state and transition diagram are narratives for each of the described states and community phases. These may not represent every possibility, but they are the most prevalent and repeatable states and community phases. The plant composition tables shown below have been developed from the best available knowledge at the time of this revision. As more data are collected, some of these community phases and/or states may be revised or removed, and new ones may be added. The main purpose for including the descriptions here is to capture the current knowledge and experience at the time of this revision.
The following is a diagram that illustrates the common plant community phases that can occur on the site and the transition and community pathways between them. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram.
The pie charts may not add up to 100% due to internal rounding error.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 9. State-And-Transition model
Figure 10. Legend
Figure 11. Matrix
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
States 1, 5 and 6 (additional transitions)
States 2 and 6 (additional transitions)
T1A - Heavy continuous grazing T1B - Heavy continuous grazing, non-use, no fire, invasion T1C - Conifer invasion, no fire T1D - Tillage T2A - Tillage T3A & T3B - Non-use, no fire, heavy continuous grazing T3C - Tillage T4A - Long term prescribed grazing, prescribed burning T4C - Conifer invasion, no fire T4B - Tillage T5A - Brush management, prescribed burning T5B & T5D - Brush management, prescribed burning T5E - Brush management, tillage T6A - Seeding T6B & T6C - Seeding, cropped and abandoned State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A - Heavy continuous grazing 1.2A - Prescribed grazing with recovery periods, prescribed burning State 2 submodel, plant communities
2.1A - Heavy continuous grazing 2.2A - Long-term prescribed grazing State 3 submodel, plant communities
3.1A - Heavy continuous grazing 3.2A - Prescribed grazing with recovery periods State 4 submodel, plant communities
4.1A - Heavy continuous grazing 4.2A - Prescribed grazing with recovery periods 4.3A - Time w/wo disturbances State 5 submodel, plant communities
5.1A - Heavy continuous grazing, non-use, no fire, invasion 5.2A - No fire State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference StateThe Loamy site occurs on upland areas. Soils are well drained and have less than 40 percent clay in the surface and/or subsoil. The surface and subsoil textures typically are loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, and very fine sandy loam. Some soils are underlain with sand or gravel at about two to three feet in depth. In some areas the surface layer may consist of stony to extremely stony. The central concept soil series are Agar, Glenham, and Highmore, but other series are included. This state represents the natural range of variability that dominated the dynamics of this ecological site (ES). This state was dominated by cool-season grasses, with warm-season grasses being subdominant. In pre-European times, the primary disturbance mechanisms for this site in the reference condition included periods of below and above average precipitation, periodic fire, and herbivory by insects and large ungulates. Timing of fires and herbivory coupled with weather events dictated the dynamics that occurred within the natural range of variability. In some locations, this site likely received relatively heavy grazing pressure. Cool-season and taller warm-season grasses would have declined and short warm-season grasses would have increased. Today, a similar state, the Native/Invaded State (State 3) can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing or prescribed burning and sometimes on areas receiving occasional short periods of rest. These sites are differentiated by the presence of exotic species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass. On most Loamy ESs within this MLRA, these species have invaded and are now present. It is likely that attaining the reference state as it is described here (without the presence of exotic herbaceous species) is not possible.
Community 1.1
Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass
Interpretations are based primarily on the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase (this is also considered to be climax). This plant community evolved with grazing by large herbivores, frequent surface fires, and periodic flooding events and is suited for grazing by domestic livestock. This plant community can be found on areas that are grazed and where the grazed plants receive adequate periods of rest during the growing season in order to recover. The potential vegetation was about 85 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. The community was dominated by cool-season grasses, with warm-season grasses being subdominant. The major grasses included western wheatgrass and green needlegrass. Other grass or grass-like species included big bluestem, little bluestem, sideoats grama, porcupine grass, and blue grama. This plant community was resilient and well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allowed for high drought tolerance. This was a sustainable plant community in regards to site and soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity.
Figure 12. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1820 2492 3125 Forb 125 210 320 Shrub/Vine 55 98 155 Total 2000 2800 3600 Figure 13. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5302 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant.. Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Community 1.2
Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Green NeedlegrassThis plant community evolved under heavy continuous grazing or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community was made up of approximately 85 percent grasses and grass-like species, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses included western wheatgrass, blue grama, and green needlegrass. Grasses of secondary importance included little bluestem, sideoats grama, needleandthread, and big bluestem. Forbs commonly found in this plant community included cudweed sagewort (Artemisia ludoviciana) and Cuman ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya). This plant community had similar plant composition to the 3.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase. The main difference is that this plant community phase did not have the presence of non-native invasive species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass.
When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase, blue grama and buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides) have increased due to their relatively high tolerance of heavy continuous grazing pressure. Green needlegrass decreased and composition of mid- and tall warm-season grasses was reduced. This plant community was moderately resistant to change. The herbaceous species present were well adapted to grazing; however, species composition could be altered through long-term overgrazing. If the tall and mid-grasses remain intact, it tended to be resilient if the disturbance was not long-term. Most of the components of the ecological processes would have been functioning at optimum levels. However, the vigor and reproductive capability of the tall warm-season grasses would have been reduced due to grazing pressure or a combination of stressors. A reduction of this dominant functional group allowed for an increase in shorter-statured (and shallower rooted) species.Figure 14. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5302 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant.. Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2Heavy continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites will shift this community to the 1.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1Prescribed grazing, or prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels and frequencies or periodic light to moderate grazing possibly including periodic rest will convert this plant community to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase.
State 2
Short Grass Sod StateThis state is the result of heavy continuous grazing, and in the absence of periodic fire due to fire suppression. This state is dominated by blue grama and buffalograss forming a dense sod layer that effectively blocks introduction of other plants into the system. Taller cool-season species will decline and a corresponding increase in short statured grass will occur. Low growth forms and low and late growing points allow blue grama, buffalograss, and upland sedges to tolerate and sometimes avoid heavy continuous grazing. This state has a high level of resiliency and changes occur very slowly with a long-term prescribed grazing. Once the threshold is crossed, a change in grazing management alone cannot cause a reduction in the sod grass dominance.
Community 2.1
Blue Grama-Buffalograss
This plant community evolved under heavy continuous season-long grazing or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community was made up of approximately 85 percent grasses and grass-like species, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses typically included blue grama and buffalograss. Grasses of secondary importance included sedges (Cyperaceae) and western wheatgrass. Forbs commonly found in this plant community included cudweed sagewort and scarlet globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea).
When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase, mid- and tall grasses were reduced significantly. This plant community is very resistant to change, especially if the disturbance continued and the short-statured species such as blue grama increased. The herbaceous species present such as blue grama and buffalograss tolerate heavy grazing use. This plant community was less productive than other phases. A thick “sod” of blue grama and buffalograss reduces the opportunity for other species to establish on this site.Figure 15. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5301 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant.. Cool-season dominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 4 12 25 36 10 5 4 4 0 0 Community 2.2
Red Threeawn-ForbsThis plant community is a result of heavy continuous grazing, frequent severe defoliation, or from over utilization during extended drought periods. This is a short, warm-season dominated state with cool-season subdominant grasses. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 65 percent grasses and grass-like species, 30 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses include red threeawn (Aristida purpurea) and annual grasses. Grasses of secondary importance include cheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass.
When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase, western wheatgrass and green needlegrass have been greatly reduced. Production of mid- and tall warm-season grasses has also been reduced and invasive and less desirable grasses dominate. Percent bare ground is also increased. This plant community is resistant to change to a different state but is very sensitive to becoming an annual grass and invader state. The herbaceous species present are not well adapted to grazing and composition can be easily altered through long-term overgrazing.Figure 16. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1650 2112 2535 Forb 105 180 275 Shrub/Vine 45 108 190 Total 1800 2400 3000 Figure 17. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5302 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant.. Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2Heavy continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites will shift this community to the 2.2 Red Threeawn-Forbs Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1Long-term prescribed grazing (moderate stocking levels coupled with adequate recovery periods, or other grazing systems such as high-density, low-frequency intended to treat specific species dominance, or periodic light to moderate stocking levels possibly including periodic rest) will convert this plant community to the 2.1 Blue Grama-Buffalograss Plant Community Phase.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Grazing State 3
Native/Invaded StateThis state represents the more common range of variability that exists with higher levels of grazing management but in the absence of periodic fire due to fire suppression and the presence of exotic species such a Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass. This state is dominated by cool-season grasses. It can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing or prescribed burning, and sometimes on areas receiving occasional short periods of rest. Taller warm-season species can decline and a corresponding increase in short statured grass will occur.
Community 3.1
Western Wheatgrass-Green NeedlegrassThis plant community phase is similar to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase, but it also contains minor amounts of non-native invasive grass species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass (up to about 20 percent by air-dry weight). The potential vegetation is about 85 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 10 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. This community is dominated by cool-season grasses with warm-season grasses being subdominant. The major grasses include western wheatgrass and green needlegrass. Other grass species include big bluestem, little bluestem, slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), sideoats grama, porcupine grass, and blue grama. This plant community is resilient and well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. This is a sustainable plant community in regards to site and soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity.
Figure 18. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 7. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1180 1512 1690 Forb 85 180 310 Shrub/Vine 35 108 200 Total 1300 1800 2200 Figure 19. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5304 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, warm-season dominant, cool-season subdominant.. Warm-season dominant, cool-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 7 17 25 25 15 7 1 0 0 Community 3.2
Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky BluegrassThis plant community is a result of heavy continuous grazing or from over utilization during extended drought periods. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 80 percent grasses and grass-like species, 15 percent forbs, and 5 percent shrubs. Dominant grasses include western wheatgrass, blue grama, and Kentucky bluegrass. Grasses of secondary importance include side oats grama, little bluestem, green needlegrass, needleandthread, porcupine grass, big bluestem, buffalograss, smooth bromegrass, and sedges. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include cudweed sagewort and western ragweed.
When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase, Blue grama has increased. Green needlegrass and sideoats grama have decreased and production of mid- and tall warm-season grasses is reduced. This plant community is moderately resistant to change. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. If the herbaceous component is intact, it tends to be resilient if the disturbance is not long-term. Most of the components of the ecological processes are functioning at optimum levels. However, the vigor and reproductive capability of the tall warm-season grasses are reduced due to grazing pressure or a combination of stressors. A reduction of this dominant functional group allows for an increase in shorter-statured (and shallower rooted) species. The introduction of nonnative invasive species such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass results in alterations to the soil profile. Organic matter levels tend to decrease and begin to be concentrated more in the surface layers and the structure will begin to be modified. These changes favor the shallow-rooted species and hasten their eventual dominance if steps are not taken to reduce these species.Figure 20. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 8. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 390 740 935 Forb 95 225 410 Shrub/Vine 15 35 55 Total 500 1000 1400 Figure 21. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5304 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, warm-season dominant, cool-season subdominant.. Warm-season dominant, cool-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 7 17 25 25 15 7 1 0 0 Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.2Heavy continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites will shift this community to the 3.2 Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.1Prescribed grazing (alternating season of use and providing adequate recovery periods) or periodic light to moderate grazing possibly including periodic rest will convert this plant community to the 3.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community Phase.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Grazing State 4
Invaded StateThis state is a result of encroachment mainly by invasion and dominance of introduced cool-season grasses. This state is characterized by the dominance of smooth bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass, and an increasing thatch layer that effectively blocks introduction of other plants into the system. Plant litter accumulation tends to favor the more shade tolerant introduced grass species. The nutrient cycle is also impaired, and the result is typically a higher level of nitrogen which also favors the introduced species. Increasing plant litter decreases the amount of sunlight reaching plant crowns thereby shifting competitive advantage to shade tolerant introduced grass species. The ecological processes are not functioning, especially the biotic processes and the hydrologic functions. The introduced cool-season grasses cause reduced infiltration and increased runoff. Preliminary studies would tend to indicate this threshold may exist when Kentucky bluegrass exceeds 30 percent of the plant community and native grasses represent less than 40 percent of the plant community composition. The opportunity for high intensity spring burns is severely reduced by early green up and increased moisture and humidity at the soil surface and grazing pressure cannot cause a reduction in sodgrass dominance. Production is limited to the sod forming species. Infiltration continues to decrease and runoff increases and energy capture into the system is restricted to early season low producing species. Nutrient cycling is limited by root depth of the dominant species.
Community 4.1
Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky Bluegrass
This plant community phase is a result of extended periods of nonuse and no fire or occasionally light levels of grazing over several years. Due to the relatively high grazing tolerance of smooth bromegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, this plant community phase may also be the result of heavy continuous grazing that eventually eliminates many native grass species. It is characterized by dominance of smooth bromegrass and Kentucky bluegrass. Crested wheatgrass may also be present in varying amounts within this plant community phase, but will rarely exceed 20 percent of total biomass. The dominance is at times so complete that other species are difficult to find on the site. A thick duff layer also accumulates at or above the soil surface and eventually a thatch-mat layer may develop at the surface.
Nutrient cycling is greatly reduced and native plants have great difficulty becoming established. When dominated by smooth bromegrass, infiltration is moderately reduced and runoff is moderate. Production can be equal to or higher than the interpretive plant community. However, when dominated by Kentucky bluegrass, infiltration is greatly reduced and runoff is high. Production in this case will likely be significantly less. In either case, the period that palatability is high is relatively short, as these cool-season species mature rapidly. Energy capture is also reduced.
The dominance of these introduced species has been shown to alter the biotic component of the soil, as well as, organic matter levels and eventually the soil structure. These alterations perpetuate the dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass and tend to make establishment of native species extremely difficult.Figure 22. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 9. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1840 2610 3310 Shrub/Vine 25 165 345 Forb 135 225 345 Total 2000 3000 4000 Figure 23. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5301 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant.. Cool-season dominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 4 12 25 36 10 5 4 4 0 0 Community 4.2
Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue GramaThis plant community phase is a result of heavy, continuous seasonal grazing or heavy, continuous season-long grazing. It is characterized by a dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and blue grama. The dominance is at times so complete that other species are difficult to find on the site. A relatively thick duff layer can sometimes accumulate at or above the soil surface and a thatch-mat layer often develops at the surface. Nutrient cycling is greatly reduced, and native plants have great difficulty becoming established. Infiltration is greatly reduced and runoff is high. Production will be significantly reduced when compared to the interpretive plant community. The period that palatability is high is relatively short as Kentucky bluegrass matures rapidly. Energy capture is also reduced. Biological activity in the soil is likely reduced significantly in this phase.
Figure 24. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 10. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 1660 2013 2330 Forb 40 132 250 Shrub/Vine 0 55 120 Total 1700 2200 2700 Figure 25. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD5302 , Southern Dark Brown Glaciated Plains, cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant.. Cool-season dominant, warm-season subdominant..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 3 10 23 34 15 6 5 4 0 0 Community 4.3
Annual Pioneer-Perennial Pioneer
This plant community developed under continuous heavy grazing or other excessive disturbances. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 40 to 80 percent grasses and grass-like species, 20 to 60 percent forbs, and 0 to 5 percent shrubs. The species present in this phase are highly variable but often include non-native invasive and early seral species. Plant diversity is low (plant richness may be high, but areas are often dominated by a few species). The ecological processes are difficult to restore because of the loss of plant diversity and overall soil disturbance. Soil erosion is potentially very high because of the bare ground and shallow rooted herbaceous plant community. Water runoff will increase and infiltration will decrease due to animal related soil compaction and loss of root mass due to low plant diversity and vigor. This plant community will require significant economic inputs and time to move towards another plant community. This movement is highly variable in its succession. This is due to the loss of diversity (including the loss of the seed bank), within the existing plant community, and the plant communities on adjacent sites. This community can be renovated to improve the production capability; however, if management changes are not made the vegetation could revert back to early seral species.
Pathway 4.1A
Community 4.1 to 4.2Heavy continuous grazing which includes herbivory at moderate to heavy levels at the same time of year each year without adequate recovery periods, or during periods of below normal precipitation when grazing frequency and intensity increases on these sites due to limited forage availability on adjacent upland sites will shift this community to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 4.2A
Community 4.2 to 4.1Prescribed grazing (alternating season of use and providing adequate recovery periods) or periodic light to moderate grazing possibly including periodic rest will convert this plant community to the 4.1 Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Grazing Pathway 4.3A
Community 4.3 to 4.2This community pathway occurs with the passage of time as successional processes take place and perennial plants gradually begin to establish on the site again. This pathway will lead to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase.
State 5
Conifer/Invaded StateThis state is dominated (canopy exceeds 20 percent of total surface area) by areas where trees have become established or have encroached onto the site due to the absence of periodic fire. This state is dominated by eastern redcedar or Rocky Mountain juniper with cool-season grasses being subdominant. The plant community can develop into a closed canopy that impedes the reproductive capability of the major native perennial grass species. A single eastern red cedar tree with a 7 foot crown diameter eliminates the equivalent of 3 pounds of forage. Further, the forage potential of a pasture with 250 mature eastern red cedar trees per acre (or one tree every thirteen feet) is reduce by 50 percent. It is suggested that reducing stocking rates by 10 percent for every 50 trees per acre. The increase in tree canopy which is a result of a disruption of the natural, and human related fire regimes that occurred prior to European settlement, which kept trees from encroaching much of the grasslands.
Community 5.1
Eastern Redcedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Western Wheatgrass-Blue GramaThis plant community evolved due to the invasion of conifers, such as eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper. This phase was a result of the absence of periodic fire. These events may cause a reduction in warm-season grasses and an increase in cool-season grasses and allow for the encroachment of conifers. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 50 percent grasses and grass-like species, 10 percent forbs, 10 percent shrubs, and 30 percent trees. Dominant grasses and grass-likes include big bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue grama, and sideoats grama. As the canopy increases, warm-season grasses tend to decrease as the cool-season grasses increase. Forbs will be diverse.
Trees species will include eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper. When compared to the 1.1 Western Wheatgrass-Green Needlegrass Plant Community, coniferous trees have increased significantly and herbaceous component has decreased. This plant community is susceptible to the encroachment of eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper.Community 5.2
Eastern Redcedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Kentucky BluegrassThis plant community phase is a result of heavy, continuous seasonal grazing or heavy, continuous season-long grazing or non-use or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years). When compared to the 5.1 Eastern Redcedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama Plant Community, the amount of nonnative invasive cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass have increased significantly.
It is characterized by a dominance of Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, and blue grama. The dominance of Kentucky bluegrass is at times so complete that other species are difficult to find on the site. A relatively thick duff layer can sometimes accumulate at or above the soil surface and a thatch-mat layer often develops at the surface. Production is limited to the sod forming species. The period that palatability is high is relatively short, as Kentucky bluegrass matures rapidly. Infiltration continues to decrease and runoff increases, energy capture into the system is restricted to early season low producing species. Nutrient cycling is limited by root depth of the dominate species. Biological activity in the soil is likely reduced significantly in this phase.Community 5.3
Eastern Redcedar-Rocky Mountain JuniperThis plant community phase is a result of no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years). Coniferous trees have increased significantly, and the herbaceous component has decreased. With the dominance of the coniferous trees such as eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper, the canopy covers the area and grass species are unable to survive. Grass production for livestock is severely limited. Prescribed burning before the juniper species reach maturity and are still susceptible to fire (< 5 foot in height), or mechanical brush management can be used to maintain or recover 5.3 Eastern Redcedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 5.1A
Community 5.1 to 5.2Non-use and/or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, and/or heavy continuous grazing or invasion of non-native plant species will shift this plant community to the 5.2 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase.
Pathway 5.2A
Community 5.2 to 5.3No surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, will shift this plant community to the 5.3 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper Plant Community Phase.
State 6
Crop Production StateThis state is characterized by the production of annual crops using a variety of tillage and cropping systems along with management practices. Cropping on this site is enabled during years with drier than normal precipitation or with artificial drainage (surface or subsurface).
Community 6.1
Annual CropsThis plant community developed with the use of a variety of tillage systems and cropping systems for the production of annual crops including corn, soybeans, wheat, and a variety of other crops.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Heavy continuous grazing (stocking levels well above carrying capacity for extended portions of the growing season, and often at the same time of year each year, typically beginning early in the season) will likely lead this state over a threshold resulting in the Short Grass Sod State (State 2).
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Non-use or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, or heavy continuous grazing or invasion of non-native plant species will likely lead this state over a threshold resulting in the Native-Invaded State (State 3).
Transition T1C
State 1 to 5No surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, and invasion of conifer will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 5.1 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase within the Conifer/Invaded State (State 5).
Transition T1D
State 1 to 6Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 6.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 6).
Transition T2a
State 2 to 3Heavy Continuous Seasonal Grazing with stocking levels well above carrying capacity for extended portions of the growing season, and at the same time of year, each year, or Heavy Continuous Season-Long Grazing with stocking levels well above carrying capacity utilizing available forage through the majority of the growing season in the absence of adequate rest periods, and grazing at the same period each year will shift this plant community to the 3.1 Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod Plant Community Phase within the 3.0 Degraded State.
Transition T2b
State 2 to 4Non-Use and No Fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) can lead this state over a threshold to the 4.0 Invaded State. Heavy continuous Seasonal Grazing at the same time of year, each year, without adequate recovery periods or chronic heavy grazing will also result in crossing this threshold.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 6Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 6.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 6).
Transition T3A & T3B
State 3 to 4T3A - Non-use or no surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 4.1 Smooth Bromegrass-Kentucky Bluegrass Community Phase within the Invaded State (State 4). T3B – Heavy continuous grazing (stocking levels well above carrying capacity for extended portions of the growing season and often at the same time of year each year), will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 4.2 Kentucky Bluegrass-Blue Grama Community Phase within the Invaded State (State 4). Grazing repeatedly in the early growing season can expedite this shift by causing mechanical disturbance due to trampling.
Transition T3C
State 3 to 6Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 6.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 6).
Restoration pathway R4
State 4 to 2Prescribed Fire occurring at relatively frequent intervals and occasional grazing events immediately following early season fire will cause a reduction in cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome and an increase in warm-season and later growing cool-season grasses. Warm-season grasses are more tolerant of short fire return intervals. Fire will temporarily increase the vigor and production of warm-season grasses and many native cool-season grasses when fire is timed properly. Pest management using chemical or mechanical treatment to suppress invasive cool-season grasses may also be required. This results in a shift to the 2.0 Native/Invaded Grass State. This would also require Long-Term Management with Prescribed Grazing (periodic light to moderate grazing with possible periodic rest). This may take up to 10 years or more, and recovery may not be attainable.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Prescribed Grazing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Restoration pathway T4A
State 4 to 3Long-term prescribed grazing (moderate stocking levels coupled with adequate recovery periods, or other grazing systems such as high-density, low-frequency intended to treat specific species dominance, or periodic light to moderate stocking levels possibly including periodic rest) coupled with prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Transition T4C
State 4 to 5No surface fire for extended periods of time (typically for 10 or more years) causing litter levels to become high enough to reduce native grass vigor, diversity, and density, and invasion of conifer will likely lead this state over a threshold leading to the 5.2 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase within the Conifer/Invaded State (State 5).
Transition T4B
State 4 to 6Tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 6.1 Annual Crops Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 6).
Restoration pathway T5A
State 5 to 1Brush management which would include the mechanical removal of the conifers, coupled with prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may lead this 5.1 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama Plant Community Phase within the Conifer/Invaded State (State 5) over a threshold to the Reference State (State 1).
Restoration pathway T5B & T5D
State 5 to 3T5B – Brush management which would include the mechanical removal of the conifers, coupled with prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may lead this 5.2 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase within the Conifer/Invaded State (State 5) over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3). T5D – Brush management which would include the mechanical removal of the conifers, coupled with prescribed burning occurring at relatively frequent intervals (3 to 5 years) and a return to normal disturbance regime levels may lead this 5.3 Eastern Red Cedar-Rocky Mountain Juniper Plant Community Phase within the Conifer/Invaded State (State 5) over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Transition T5E
State 5 to 6Brush management which would include the mechanical removal of the conifers, coupled with tillage will cause a shift over a threshold leading to the 6.1 Annual Crops Plant Community Phase within the Crop Production State (State 6).
Restoration pathway T6A
State 6 to 3Seeding may lead this Crop Production State (State 6) over a threshold to the Native/Invaded State (State 3).
Restoration pathway T6B & T6C
State 6 to 4T6B – Seeding may lead this Crop Production State (State 6) over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4) T6C – Cropping followed by abandonment may lead this plant community phase over a threshold to the Invaded State (State 4) and more specifically to the 4.3 Annual Pioneer-Perennial Pioneer Plant Community Phase.
Additional community tables
Table 11. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 420–840 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 280–840 – slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 0–140 – 2 Needlegrass 420–840 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 280–700 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 56–560 – needle and thread HECOC8 Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata 56–420 – 3 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 280–560 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 140–560 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 56–420 – Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 56–420 – composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 0–140 – 4 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 280–560 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 140–420 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 56–420 – plains muhly MUCU3 Muhlenbergia cuspidata 0–140 – prairie dropseed SPHE Sporobolus heterolepis 0–112 – 5 Short Warm-Season Grasses 28–140 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 28–140 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 0–112 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–84 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–28 – 6 Other Native GRasses 28–140 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–112 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 28–112 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–56 – fall rosette grass DIWI5 Dichanthelium wilcoxianum 0–56 – 7 Grass-likes 28–140 sedge CAREX Carex 28–140 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–112 – Forb8 Forbs 140–280 Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 28–140 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 28–112 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 28–84 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 28–84 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 0–84 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 28–84 – purple prairie clover DAPU5 Dalea purpurea 28–84 – Illinois bundleflower DEIL Desmanthus illinoensis 0–56 – blacksamson echinacea ECAN2 Echinacea angustifolia 28–56 – scarlet beeblossom GACO5 Gaura coccinea 0–56 – stiff sunflower HEPA19 Helianthus pauciflorus 28–56 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 28–56 – Nuttall's sensitive-briar MINU6 Mimosa nuttallii 0–56 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–56 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 28–56 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 28–56 – false boneset BREU Brickellia eupatorioides 0–56 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 28–56 – upright prairie coneflower RACO3 Ratibida columnifera 28–56 – beardtongue PENST Penstemon 0–28 – groundplum milkvetch ASCR2 Astragalus crassicarpus 0–28 – American bird's-foot trefoil LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus 0–28 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–28 – Shrub/Vine9 Shrubs 56–140 leadplant AMCA6 Amorpha canescens 28–112 – western snowberry SYOC Symphoricarpos occidentalis 0–84 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 28–56 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–56 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–56 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 0–28 – Table 12. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 360–720 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 360–720 – slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 0–120 – 2 Needlegrass 48–360 needle and thread HECOC8 Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata 0–240 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 0–240 – green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 24–240 – 3 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 48–240 composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 24–192 – big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 24–120 – switchgrass PAVI2 Panicum virgatum 0–120 – Indiangrass SONU2 Sorghastrum nutans 0–120 – 4 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 48–240 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 48–240 – plains muhly MUCU3 Muhlenbergia cuspidata 0–120 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 0–120 – prairie dropseed SPHE Sporobolus heterolepis 0–120 – 5 Short Warm-Season Grasses 240–480 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 240–480 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–120 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 24–120 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–72 – 6 Other Native Grasses 24–120 prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 24–120 – Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–96 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–72 – fall rosette grass DIWI5 Dichanthelium wilcoxianum 0–48 – 7 Grass-likes 48–192 sedge CAREX Carex 48–192 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–120 – 8 Non-Native Grasses 120–360 bluegrass POA Poa 48–240 – crested wheatgrass AGCR Agropyron cristatum 0–120 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–120 – brome BROMU Bromus 0–72 – Forb9 Forbs 120–240 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–120 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 24–96 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 24–96 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 24–96 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 24–72 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 24–72 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 24–72 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 24–72 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 24–72 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 24–72 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 24–48 – upright prairie coneflower RACO3 Ratibida columnifera 24–48 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 24–48 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–48 – American bird's-foot trefoil LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus 0–24 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–24 – Nuttall's sensitive-briar MINU6 Mimosa nuttallii 0–24 – beardtongue PENST Penstemon 0–24 – groundplum milkvetch ASCR2 Astragalus crassicarpus 0–24 – false boneset BREU Brickellia eupatorioides 0–24 – purple prairie clover DAPU5 Dalea purpurea 0–24 – Illinois bundleflower DEIL Desmanthus illinoensis 0–24 – blacksamson echinacea ECAN2 Echinacea angustifolia 0–24 – scarlet beeblossom GACO5 Gaura coccinea 0–24 – stiff sunflower HEPA19 Helianthus pauciflorus 0–24 – Shrub/Vine10 Shrubs 48–168 western snowberry SYOC Symphoricarpos occidentalis 24–120 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 24–96 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 0–48 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 24–48 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–48 – leadplant AMCA6 Amorpha canescens 0–48 – Table 15. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 0–180 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–180 – 2 Needlegrass 0–72 needle and thread HECOC8 Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata 0–72 – green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 0–54 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 0–18 – 3 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 0–54 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 0–54 – composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 0–54 – 4 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 0–72 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 0–72 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 0–72 – 5 Short Warm-Season Grasses 360–810 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 360–720 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 36–270 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–144 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–90 – 6 Other Native Grasses 18–72 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–54 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 18–54 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–36 – 7 Grass-likes 90–180 sedge CAREX Carex 54–180 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–90 – 8 Non-Native Grasses 0–450 bluegrass POA Poa 0–450 – brome BROMU Bromus 0–90 – crested wheatgrass AGCR Agropyron cristatum 0–90 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–54 – Forb9 Forbs 90–270 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–180 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 18–144 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 18–72 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 18–54 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 18–54 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–54 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 18–54 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 18–36 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–36 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 18–36 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 18–36 – upright prairie coneflower RACO3 Ratibida columnifera 0–18 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–18 – fetid marigold DYPA Dyssodia papposa 0–18 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 0–18 – American bird's-foot trefoil LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus 0–18 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–18 – Shrub/Vine10 Shrubs 36–180 prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 36–144 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 0–54 – western snowberry SYOC Symphoricarpos occidentalis 0–54 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 0–36 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–18 – Table 16. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 0–50 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–50 – 2 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 0–20 composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 0–20 – 3 Short Warm-Season Grasses 200–450 threeawn ARIST Aristida 150–400 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 0–100 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–100 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 0–50 – 4 Other Native Grasses 0–30 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–20 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–10 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–10 – 5 Grass-likes 20–150 sedge CAREX Carex 20–150 – Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–50 – 6 Non-Native Grasses 50–200 bluegrass POA Poa 50–200 – crested wheatgrass AGCR Agropyron cristatum 20–100 – brome BROMU Bromus 0–50 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–30 – Forb7 Forbs 100–350 Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 20–150 – fetid marigold DYPA Dyssodia papposa 20–150 – sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 10–150 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–100 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 10–50 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 10–30 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–20 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 0–20 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 0–20 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 0–20 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 0–10 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 0–10 – Shrub/Vine8 Shrubs 20–50 prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–40 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 10–40 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–10 – Table 17. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 0–300 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–300 – 2 Needlegrass 0–300 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 0–300 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 0–90 – 3 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 0–90 big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 0–90 – composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 0–90 – 4 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 0–60 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 0–60 – 5 Short Warm-Season Grasses 0–120 blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 0–90 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–60 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 0–60 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–30 – 6 Other Native Grasses 0–120 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–90 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–90 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–60 – fall rosette grass DIWI5 Dichanthelium wilcoxianum 0–30 – 7 Grass-likes 0–90 Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–90 – sedge CAREX Carex 0–90 – 8 Non-native Grasses 1200–2250 smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 600–2100 – bluegrass POA Poa 150–900 – crested wheatgrass AGCR Agropyron cristatum 0–450 – brome BROMU Bromus 30–150 – Forb9 Forbs 150–300 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–300 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 0–180 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 0–90 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 0–90 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 0–90 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 0–90 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 0–60 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–60 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 0–60 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–30 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–30 – upright prairie coneflower RACO3 Ratibida columnifera 0–30 – false boneset BREU Brickellia eupatorioides 0–30 – purple prairie clover DAPU5 Dalea purpurea 0–30 – Illinois bundleflower DEIL Desmanthus illinoensis 0–30 – blacksamson echinacea ECAN2 Echinacea angustifolia 0–30 – stiff sunflower HEPA19 Helianthus pauciflorus 0–30 – dotted blazing star LIPU Liatris punctata 0–30 – American bird's-foot trefoil LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus 0–30 – rush skeletonplant LYJU Lygodesmia juncea 0–30 – Shrub/Vine10 Shrubs 30–300 western snowberry SYOC Symphoricarpos occidentalis 30–300 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 0–60 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–30 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–30 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 0–30 – Table 18. Community 4.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Wheatgrass 0–110 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–110 – 2 Needlegrass 0–110 green needlegrass NAVI4 Nassella viridula 0–110 – porcupinegrass HESP11 Hesperostipa spartea 0–22 – 3 Tall Warm-Season Grasses 0–110 composite dropseed SPCOC2 Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 0–110 – big bluestem ANGE Andropogon gerardii 0–66 – 4 Mid Warm-Season Grasses 0–44 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 0–44 – 5 Short Warm-Season Grasses 22–440 threeawn ARIST Aristida 22–220 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 0–220 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–66 – buffalograss BODA2 Bouteloua dactyloides 0–44 – 6 Other Native Grasses 0–110 Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 2GRAM Graminoid (grass or grass-like) 0–110 – Scribner's rosette grass DIOLS Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum 0–22 – fall rosette grass DIWI5 Dichanthelium wilcoxianum 0–22 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–22 – 7 Grass-likes 0–66 Grass-like (not a true grass) 2GL Grass-like (not a true grass) 0–66 – sedge CAREX Carex 0–66 – 8 Non-Native Grasses 660–1540 bluegrass POA Poa 660–1430 – crested wheatgrass AGCR Agropyron cristatum 0–220 – smooth brome BRIN2 Bromus inermis 0–220 – brome BROMU Bromus 22–220 – Forb9 Forbs 44–220 sweetclover MELIL Melilotus 0–220 – Forb, introduced 2FI Forb, introduced 0–154 – western yarrow ACMIO Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis 0–66 – white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 0–66 – goldenrod SOLID Solidago 0–66 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 0–44 – field sagewort ARCA12 Artemisia campestris 0–44 – Forb, native 2FN Forb, native 0–44 – white heath aster SYER Symphyotrichum ericoides 0–44 – purple prairie clover DAPU5 Dalea purpurea 0–22 – scurfpea PSORA2 Psoralidium 0–22 – scarlet globemallow SPCO Sphaeralcea coccinea 0–22 – Shrub/Vine10 Shrubs 0–110 western snowberry SYOC Symphoricarpos occidentalis 0–110 – prairie sagewort ARFR4 Artemisia frigida 0–110 – plains pricklypear OPPO Opuntia polyacantha 0–66 – rose ROSA5 Rosa 0–22 – Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–22 – Table 19. Community 4.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 20. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 21. Community 5.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 22. Community 5.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 23. Community 6.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations
The following table lists annual, suggested initial stocking rates with average growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of conservation planning. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ES description). Because of this, a resource inventory is necessary to document plant composition and production. More accurate carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using the following stocking rate information along with animal preference data and actual stocking records, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. With consultation of the land manager, more intensive grazing management may result in improved harvest efficiencies and increased carrying capacity.
Western Wheatgrass/Needlegrass (1.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 2,800
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.77
Western Wheatgrass/Blue Grama/Kentucky Bluegrass (2.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 2,400
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.66
Blue Grama/ Buffalograss Sod (3.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 1,800
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.49
Three Awn/ Forbs (3.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 1,000
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.27
Smooth Brome/Kentucky Bluegrass/Crested Wheatgrass (4.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 3,000
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.82
Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Phase (4.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 2,200
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.60
Annual/Pioneer, Non-native Perennial (4.3)
Average Annual Production (lbs./acre, air-dry): 900
Stocking Rate* (AUM/acre): 0.25
*Based on 912 lbs./acre (air-dry weight) per Animal Unit Month (AUM), and on 25 percent harvest efficiency (refer to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) National Range and Pasture Handbook).
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock will likely be lacking protein to meet livestock requirements and added protein will allow ruminants to better utilize the energy stored in grazed plant materials. A forage quality test (either directly or through fecal sampling) should be used to determine the level of supplementation needed.Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group B with localized areas in hydrologic group C. Infiltration and runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group, slope, and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75 percent ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. An example of an exception would be where shortgrasses form a strong sod and dominate the site. Dominance by blue grama, buffalograss, bluegrass, and/or smooth bromegrass will result in reduced infiltration and increased runoff. Areas where ground cover is less than 50 percent have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Section 4, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves).
Recreational uses
This site provides hunting, hiking, photography, bird watching, and other opportunities. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an aesthetic value that appeals to visitors.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are typically present on this site.
Other products
Seed harvest of native plant species can provide additional income on this site.
Other information
Ecological Site Correlation Issues and Questions:
• SD107 Potter County, SD did not use the (JgC) Java-Glenham loams, 3 to 9 percent slopes (national symbol cvf0) as used in the adjoining SD119 Sully County.
• SD069 Hyde County, SD did not use the (WnB) Williams-Bowbells loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm4) (R53BY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD049 Faulk County. SD049 Faulk County, SD (WnB) Williams-Bowbells loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm4) (R53BY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD069 Hyde County, SD ESD.
• SD069 Hyde County, SD did not use the (WoB) Williams-Bowbells-Nishon complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm6) (R53BY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD049 Faulk County. SD049 Faulk County, SD (WoB) Williams-Bowbells-Nishon, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm6) (R53BY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD069 Hyde County, SD ESD.
• SD069 Hyde County, SD did not use the (WmB) Williams loam, undulating (national symbol cv02) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County. SD059 Hand County, SD (WmB) William loam, undulating (national symbol cv02) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD069 Hyde County, SD ESD.
• SD059 Hand County, SD did not use the (WnB) Williams-Bowbells loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm4) (R53BY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD049 Faulk County. SD049 Faulk County, SD (WnB) Williams-Bowbells loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol cxm4) (R53BY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD059 Hand County, SD ESD.
• SD059 Hand County, SD did not use the (VdC) Vida-Williams-Bowbells loams, 2 to 9 percent slopes (national symbol cxm0) (R53BY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD049 Faulk County. SD049 Faulk County, SD (VdC) Vida-Williams-Bowbells loams, 2 to 9 percent slopes (national symbol cxm0) (R53BY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD059 Hand County, SD ESD.
• SD069 Hyde County, SD did not use the (ZyD) Java-Glenham loams, hilly (national symbol cv0w) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County. SD059 Hand County, SD.
• SD017 Buffalo County, SD (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey) did not use the (ZxD) Java-Glenham loams, hilly (national symbol cv0t) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County. SD059 Hand County, SD.
• SD017 Buffalo County, SD (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey) did not use the (WmB) Williams loam, undulating (national symbol cv02) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD059 Hand County. SD059 Hand County, SD (WmB) William loam, undulating (national symbol cv02) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD017 Buffalo County, SD ESD.
• SD017 Buffalo County, SD (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey) did not use the (HwB) Houdek-Ethan-Prosper loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2tlb9) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD073 Jerauld County. SD073 Jerauld County, SD (HwB) Houdek-Ethan-Prosper loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2tlb9) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD017 Buffalo County, SD ESD.
• SD073 Jerauld County, SD did not use the (HgB) Highmore-Java complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes (national symbol cxxx) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD017 Buffalo County (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey. SD017 Buffalo County, SD (HgB) Highmore-Java complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes (national symbol cxxx) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD073 Jerauld County, SD ESD.
• SD073 Jerauld County, SD did not use the (EeB) Eakin-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2xhbv) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD003 Aurora County. SD003 Aurora County, SD (EeB) Eakin-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2xhbv) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD073 Jerauld County, SD ESD.
• SD015 Brule County, SD (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey) did not use the (HwB) Houdek-Ethan-Prosper loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2tlb9) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD073 Jerauld County. SD073 Jerauld County, SD (HwB) Houdek-Ethan-Prosper loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes (national symbol 2tlb9) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD015 Brule County, SD ESD.
• SD003 Aurora County, SD did not use the (HmA) Highmore-Mobridge silt loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes (national symbol cxxz) (R55CY010SD ESD) as used in the adjoining SD015 Brule County (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey). SD015 Brule County (SD603 Brule and Buffalo Counties Soil survey) (HmA) Highmore-Mobridge silt loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes (national symbol cxxz) (R55CY010SD ESD) will need to be split correlated to match SD003 Aurora County, SD ESD.
• Reference and alternative states within the state and transition model are may not be fully
documented and may require additional field sampling for refinement.Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range-trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site include: Stan Boltz, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Bruce Kunze, Soil Scientist,, NRCS; Shane Deranleau, RMS, NRCS; Mitch Faulkner, RMS, NRCS; and Kelly Stout, RMS, NRCS. Data Source Sample Period State County SCS-Range-417 (0027146065) 9/2/1971 SD Hughes SCS-Range-417 (0637146065) 9/2/1971 SD Hughes SCS-Range-417 (0027246119) 9/19/1972 SD Sully SCS-Range-417 (0018646119) 8/21/1986 SD Sully
Other references
Cleland, D.T., J.A. Freeouf, J.E. Keys, G.J. Nowacki, C. Carpenter, and W.H. McNab. 2007. Ecological Subregions: Sections and Subsections of the Coterminous United States. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-76. Washington, DC. 92 pps.
Gilbert, M. C., Whited, P. M., Clairain Jr, E. J., & Smith, R. D. (2006). A Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Prairie Potholes. Washington DC.
Pheasants Forever & edited by Wheeler, Ben (2017). Prescribed Fire in Nebraska: A Guide for Planning, Preparing and Conducting Your Prescribed Fire. 106pps.
Samson, F. B., & Knopf, F. L. (1996). Prairie Conservation Preserving North America's Most Endagered Ecosystem. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Official Soil Series Descriptions. Available online. Accessed March 2018.
United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2003. National Range and Pasture Handbook, Revision 1. Grazing Lands Technology Institute. 214 pps.
United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296. 672pps.
USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526. (http://soils.usda.gov/technical/nasis/)
USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 27 March 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 2013. Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States. Corvallis, OR, U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, map scale 1:3,000,000. Available at http://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions- continental-united-states. (Accessed 1 March 2018).Contributors
Stan Boltz
Approval
Suzanne Mayne-Kinney, 1/22/2024
Acknowledgments
Contact for Lead Authors: Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS), Redfield Soil Survey Office Redfield, SD; Lance Howe (Lance.Howe@usda.gov), Soil Survey Office Leader, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD; and Steve Winter (Steven.Winter@usda.gov), Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD Additional Information Acknowledgment: Jason Hermann (Jason.Hermann@usda.gov), Area Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA-NRCS, Redfield, SD. This Provisional Ecological Site concept has passed both Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes. Quality Assurance was approved by David Kraft, NRCS Regional Ecologist as of 11/12/2020. Non-discrimination Statement In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, available online and at any USDA office, or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632- 9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: program.intake@usda.gov.
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Stan Boltz, Mitch Faulkner, Shane Deranleau Contact for lead author Stan Boltz, stanley.boltz@sd.usda.gov, 605-352-1236 Date 03/15/2011 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
Rills should not be present. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Barely observable or not present. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Essentially non-existent. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground less than 5 percent and pathces less than two inches in diameter. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies should not be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None present. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Little to no plant litter movement. Plant litter remains in place and is not moved by erosional forces. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil aggregate stability normally a 6 rating. Typically high root content and organic matter in the soil surface. Soil surface is very resistant to erosion. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil surface structure is typically granular, and mollic (higher organic matter) colors of A-horizon down to about 4 to 8 inches. If conditions are other than this, refer to map unit component descriptions for component on which the site occurs. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Healthy, deep-rooted native grass and grass-like species enhance infiltration and reduce runoff. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No compaction layer should be present. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Wheatgrasses (mid, cool-season rhizomatous) = needlegrasses (mid and tall, cool-season bunchgrasses) >Sub-dominant:
Tall, warm-season grasses = mid, warm-season grasses >Other:
Forbs > short, warm-season grasses = grass-like species = shrubsAdditional:
Other native grasses occur in other functional groups in minor amounts. -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Very little to no evidence of decadence or mortality. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
75-85 percent plant litter cover, roughly 0.25 to 0.5 inches in depth. Litter cover is in contact with the soil surface. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
2,800 pounds/acre (air-dry basis) -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Refer to State and local Noxious Weed List; also Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Perennial grasses have vigorous rhizomes and/or tillers.
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PrintThe Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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