Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R043BY360WY
Shallow Igneous (SwIg)
15-19” Foothills and Mountains East Precipitation Zone
Accessed: 08/31/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Associated sites
R043BY304WY Clayey (Cy) 15-19” Foothills and Mountains East Precipitation Zone
Clayey
R043BY316WY Igneous (Ig) 15-19” Foothills and Mountains East Precipitation Zone
Igneous
R043BY322WY Loamy (Ly) 15-19” Foothills and Mountains East Precipitation Zone
Loamy
Similar sites
R043BY160WY Shallow Igneous High Mountains
Shallow Igneous +20” High Mountains P.Z., 043XY160WY has higher production.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous Not specified
Physiographic features
This site occurs on most slopes and along ridge tops.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Hill
(2) Ridge
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 6000 – 9000 ft Slope 3 – 75 % Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
Annual precipitation ranges from 15-19 inches per year. June is generally the wettest month. July, August, and September are somewhat less with daily amounts rarely exceeding one inch.
Snowfall is quite heavy in the area. Annual snowfall averages about 150 inches.
Because of the varied topography, the wind will vary considerably for different parts of the area. The wind is usually much lighter at the lower elevations and in the valleys as compared with the higher terrain. The average winter wind velocity is 8.5 mph while the summer wind velocity averages 7.5 mph. Winds during storms and on ridges may exceed 45 mph.
Growth of native cool-season plants begins about May 1 to May 15 and continues to about October 10.
The following information is from the “Crandall Creek” climate station, at the lower end of this precipitation zone:
Minimum Maximum 5 yrs. out of 10 between
Frost-free period (days): 16 80 July 8 – August 20
Freeze-free period (days): 37 120 June 17 – September 5
Mean Annual Precipitation (inches): 10.24 21.23
Mean annual precipitation: 14.90 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 38.16 F (21.88 F Avg. Min. to 54.66 F Avg. Max.)
For detailed information, visit the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ website. There are no other climate station(s) known to be representative of this precipitation zone.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 80 days Freeze-free period (average) 120 days Precipitation total (average) 20 in BarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
Stream type: None
Soil features
The soils associated with this site were derived from granitic or volcanic bedrock. These soils are generally less than 20” in depth and virtually impermeable to plant roots. Pockets of deep soil may occur in this site and are moderately acidic. The bedrock will include igneous, metamorphic and other volcanic material. The soil characteristic having the most influence on the plant community is the shallow depth.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderate Soil depth 10 – 20 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 10 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 20 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)2.2 – 6.6 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 5 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 4 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 5 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)6.6 – 7.8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 15 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)Not specified Ecological dynamics
Potential vegetation on this site is dominated by mid cool-season perennial grasses. Other significant vegetation includes black sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, three-tip sagebrush, and a variety of forbs. The expected potential composition for this site is about 75% grasses, 10% forbs and 15% woody plants. The composition and production will vary naturally due to historical use, fluctuating precipitation and fire frequency.
As this site deteriorates species such as bluegrasses, black sagebrush, and three-tip sagebrush will increase. Cool season grasses such as Columbia needlegrass, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain muhly, and spikefescue will decrease in frequency and production. As the site continues to deteriorate, annual forbs and grasses such as cheatgrass will invade.
The Historic Climax Plant Community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, or areas protected from excessive disturbance. Trends in plant communities going from heavily grazed areas to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts have also been used.
The following is a State and Transition Model Diagram that illustrates the common plant communities (states) that can occur on the site and the transitions between these communities. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community narratives following the diagram.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 7 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Columbia Needlegrass/Spike Fescue Plant CommunityCommunity 1.1
Columbia Needlegrass/Spike Fescue Plant CommunityThe interpretive plant community for this site is the Historic Climax Plant Community. This state evolved with grazing by large herbivores, soil 10-20 inches deep, and an occasional wildfire. The cyclical nature of the fire regime in this community prevents sagebrush from being the dominant landscape. Potential vegetation is about 75% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 15% woody plants.
The major grasses include Columbia needlegrass, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain muhly, spikefescue, prairie junegrass, and rhizomatous wheatgrass. Woody plants are black and three-tip sagebrush and antelope bitterbrush. A variety of forbs also occurs in this state and plant diversity is high (see Plant Composition Table).
Annual production ranges from 450 to 950 pounds.
This plant community is extremely stable and well adapted to the Central Rocky Mountains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity).
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Moderate, continuous season-long grazing will convert the HCPC to the Idaho Fescue/Mixed Shrub Plant Community. Prolonged drought will exacerbate this transition.
• Repeated Wild Fire or Brush Management will convert the HCPC to the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Three-tip Sagebrush Plant Community.Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 2
Idaho Fescue/Mixed Shrub Plant CommunityCommunity 2.1
Idaho Fescue/Mixed Shrub Plant CommunityHistorically, this plant community evolved under grazing by large ungulates and a low fire frequency. Currently, it occurs under moderate, season-long grazing by livestock and is exacerbated by prolonged drought conditions. In addition, the fire regime for this site has been modified and extended periods without fire is now common. Shrubs are significant components of this plant community. Cool-season grasses make up the majority of the understory with the balance made up of miscellaneous forbs.
Dominant grasses include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain muhly, prairie junegrass, western wheatgrass, and of less frequency Columbia needlegrass, and spikefescue. Grasses of secondary importance include spike trisetum, bluegrasses, and onespike oatgrass. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include hawksbeard, groundsel, balsamroot, asters, buckwheat, phlox, and penstemons. Shrubs such as black and three-tip sagebrushes, antelope bitterbrush, and juniper can make up to 25% of the total annual production.
When compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, black sagebrush and three-tip sagebrush bluegrasses, and prairie junegrass have increased. Production of specific species such as Columbia needlegrass and spikefescue has been reduced. Some weedy species such as cheatgrass may have invaded the site but are in small patches.
Annual production ranges from 400 to 900 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to change. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is mostly intact and plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. Water flow patterns and litter movement is not uncommon especially on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is minimal but normal. Soils are mostly stable and the surface shows minimum soil loss. The watershed is functioning and the biotic community is intact.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Prescribed grazing will convert this plant community to the HCPC. The probability of this occurring is high especially if rotational grazing along with short deferred grazing is implemented as part of prescribed method of use. In addition, the removal of fire suppression will allow a somewhat natural fire regime to reoccur to more easily transition between this plant community and the HCPC. A prescribed fire treatment can be useful to hasten this transition if desired.
• Heavy, continuous, season-long grazing plus no fires will convert the plant community to the Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant Community. The probability of this occurring is high. This is especially evident on areas where drought or heavy browsing does not adversely impact the shrub stand.
• Heavy, continuous, season-long grazing plus wildfire or brush management will convert the plant community to a Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Bluegrass Plant Community. The probability for this is high, especially on areas were the shrubs have been heavily browsed or removed by natural or human causes. Drought can also exacerbate this transition.Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 3
Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant CommunityCommunity 3.1
Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant CommunityThis plant community currently is found under heavy continuous season-long grazing by livestock and protection from fire. Shrubs are a significant component of this plant community. Cool-season grasses make up the majority of the understory, but some of the preferred grasses have been reduced or are absent.
Dominant grasses include rhizomatous wheatgrasses, mountain muhly, Lettermans needlegrass, prairie junegrass, and of less frequency Columbia needlegrass, spikefescue, Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass. Grasses of secondary importance include slender wheatgrass, spike trisetum, one-spike oatgrass, and bluegrasses. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include balsamroot, agoseris, buckwheat, arnica, phlox, lupine, larkspur, asters, pussytoes, and stoneseed. Three-tip sagebrush, black sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and juniper can make up to 30% of the total annual production.
When compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, black sagebrush, three-tip sagebrush, bluegrasses, prairie junegrass, and rhizomatous wheatgrasses have increased. Most of the preferred grasses have been reduced and some are absent. Some annuals, such as cheatgrass, have invaded the site, but are not yet abundant.
Annual production ranges from 350 to 850 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to change as the shrubs become more abundant. These areas may actually be more resistant to fire as less fine fuels are available and the bare ground between the shrubs is increased. The herbaceous component is not as diverse and plant vigor and species regeneration capabilities of some cool-season perennials are deficient. The removal of grazing does not seem to affect the plant composition or structure of the plant community.
Soil erosion is accelerated because of increased bare ground. Water flow patterns and pedestalling is more noticeable. Infiltration is reduced and runoff is increased. Rill channels may be noticeable in the interspaces on steeper areas and gullies may be establishing where rills have concentrated down slope.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Prescribed grazing plus brush management will convert this plant community to near HCPC. If prescribed fire is used as a means to reduce or remove the shrubs, sufficient fine fuels will need to be present. This may require deferment from grazing prior to treatment. Post management is critical to ensure success. This can range from two or more years of rest to partial growing season deferment, depending on the condition of the understory at the time of treatment and the growing conditions following treatment. Seeding will be required regardless of the brush treatment to reestablish the major cool-season grasses.
• Frequent and Severe Grazing plus no fires will convert the plant community to the Mixed Shrub/Bluegrass Plant Community. The probability of this occurring is high and is especially evident on areas where drought or heavy browsing does not adversely impact the shrub stand.
• Brush management or Wildfire with no change in grazing management will convert this plant community to the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Bluegrass Plant Community.Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 4
Mixed Shrub/Bluegrass Plant CommunityCommunity 4.1
Mixed Shrub/Bluegrass Plant CommunityThis plant community is the result of frequent and severe grazing and protection from fire. Shrubs are a dominant component of this plant community and annual production of shrubs can exceed 30%. Black sagebrush, three-tip sagebrush, and bluegrasses are the primary components of the plant community as the preferred cool season grasses and antelope bitterbrush have been eliminated or greatly reduced.
The dominant grasses are the bluegrasses such as Sandberg, mutton, big, and Canby. Weedy annual species such cheatgrass, kochia, Russian thistle, and a variety of mustards may occupy the site. Noxious weeds such as Canada thistle may invade the site if a seed source is available. The interspaces between plants have expanded leaving the amount of bare ground more prevalent. When compared with the HCPC, the annual production is less, as the major cool-season grasses are reduced, but the shrub production has increased significantly and compensates for some of the decline in the herbaceous production.
Annual production ranges from 250 to 650 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to change as the stand becomes more decadent. These areas may actually be more resistant to fire as less fine fuels are available and the bare ground between the shrubs is increased. The herbaceous component is not as diverse and plant vigor and species regeneration capabilities of cool-season perennials are deficient. The removal of grazing does not seem to affect the plant composition or structure of the plant community.
Soil erosion is accelerated because of increased bare ground. Water flow patterns and pedestalling are obvious. Infiltration is reduced and runoff is increased. Rill channels may be noticeable in the interspaces and gullies may be establishing where rills have concentrated down slope.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Long-term prescribed grazing will convert this plant community to the Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant Community.
• Brush management or Wildfire with no change in grazing management will convert this plant community to the Bluegrass/Annual Plant Community.Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 5
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Three-tip Sagebrush Plant CommunityCommunity 5.1
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Three-tip Sagebrush Plant CommunityThis plant community currently is found under prescribed grazing and is perpetuated by a fire cycle, which maintains the removal of shrubs with the exception of three-tip sagebrush. Three-tip sagebrush is a significant component of this plant community. Cool-season grasses remain an important component, but some bunchgrasses are not as abundant.
Dominant grasses include Montana wheatgrass, Lettermans needlegrass, and rhizomatous wheatgrasses, and of less frequency Columbia needlegrass, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and spikefescue. Grasses of secondary importance include prairie junegrass, slender wheatgrass, spike trisetum, and bluegrasses. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include balsamroot, paintbrush, phlox, groundsel, penstemon, larkspur, lupine, pussytoes, hawksbeard, and American vetch. Three-tip sagebrush can comprise as much as 25% of the total production.
When compared to the Historical Climax Plant Community, Montana wheatgrass, rhizomatous wheatgrass, and three-tip sagebrush have increased. Columbia needlegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, spikefescue, and Idaho fescue have decreased. Production of cool-season grasses has remained about the same. Cheatgrass can be common and in large patches, but most of the invaded areas are relatively small.
Annual production ranges from 400 to 900 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to change as once three-tip sagebrush becomes the dominant shrub it is difficult for other shrubs to become established. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is mostly intact and plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. Water flow patterns and litter movement may be occurring but only on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is minimal. Soils are mostly stable and the surface shows minimum soil loss. The watershed is functioning and the biotic community is intact.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Prescribed grazing and brush management will convert this plant community to the HCPC. Controlling three-tip sagebrush is difficult as it is a strong resprouter. Reestablishing the black sagebrush and antelope bitterbrush stand may be difficult and may take many years.
• Heavy, continuous, season-long grazing will convert this plant community to a Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Bluegrass Plant community. More than likely, three-tip sage will persist in varying degrees, as it is difficult to control and is a strong resprouter.Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 6
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/bluegrass Plant CommunityCommunity 6.1
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/bluegrass Plant CommunityThis plant community currently is found under heavy continuous season-long grazing by livestock and is perpetuated by either brush management or a wildfire, which removes or greatly reduces the shrubs. Three-tip sagebrush may still be a component of this plant community, but can also be lacking. Some of the major cool-season bunchgrasses associated with this site have been reduced and some may have been removed.
Dominant grasses include rhizomatous wheatgrasses, bluegrasses, prairie junegrass, spike trisetum, and Montana wheatgrass, and of less frequency Columbia needlegrass, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and spikefescue. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include balsamroot, agoseris, buckwheat, arnica, phlox, lupine, larkspur, asters, pussytoes, and stoneseed. Three-tip sagebrush as well as pockets of black sagebrush can comprise as much as 15% of the total production.
When compared to the Historical Climax Plant Community, rhizomatous wheatgrass, prairie junegrass, Montana wheatgrass, and three-tip sagebrush have increased. Columbia needlegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and big sagebrush have decreased or have been removed. Production of the preferred cool-season grasses has been reduced. Cheatgrass can be common and in large patches, but most invaded areas are relatively small.
Annual production ranges from 300 to 700 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to change as the herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing and if three-tip sagebrush becomes the dominant shrub it is difficult for other shrubs to become established. However, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is mostly intact, but some cool-season bunchgrasses associated with the site have been reduced or removed. Plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient for some species but not all. Water flow patterns and litter movement is occurring but only on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is moderate to slight. Soils are mostly stable and the surface shows minimum soil loss. The watershed is functioning and the biotic community is partially intact.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Prescribed Grazing will convert this plant community to a Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Three-tip Sagebrush Plant Community as the more palatable plants regain vigor.
• Frequent and Severe Grazing will convert this plant community to a Bluegrass/Annual Plant Community. If three-tip sage is present more than likely it will persist in varying degrees as it is difficult to control.Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 State 7
Bluegrass/Annual Plant CommunityCommunity 7.1
Bluegrass/Annual Plant CommunityThis plant community evolved under frequent and severe grazing and the shrub component has been removed by heavy browsing, wildfire or human means. Weedy annuals and bluegrasses are the most dominant plants and occupy any open bare ground area. Three-tip sagebrush may or may not be present. However, it is common for this shrub to occur as it is a strong resprouter and may quickly re-establish the site after a disturbance. The interspaces between plants have expanded leaving the amount of bare ground more prevalent and more soil surface exposed to erosive elements.
Compared to the HCPC, weedy annual species and bluegrasses are widespread and virtually all of the major cool-season mid-grasses are absent or severely decreased. Antelope bitterbrush has also been removed. Weedy annuals may include cheatgrass, kochia, Russian thistle, and a variety of mustards. Bluegrass species will include Sandberg, mutton, Canby, and big. Noxious weeds such as Canada thistle may invade the site if a seed source is available.
Annual production ranges from 150 to 550 pounds.
This plant community is resistant to overgrazing. Annuals and bluegrasses are effectively competing against the establishment of perennial cool-season grasses. Plant diversity is greatly altered and the herbaceous component is not intact. Recruitment of the major perennial grasses is not occurring and the replacement potential is absent. The biotic integrity is missing.
The state is unstable and is not protected from excessive erosion. Rill channels and maybe even gullies may be present on site and adjacent areas are impacted by excessive runoff. Water flow patterns and pedestalling are obvious. The watershed is not functioning.
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Prescribed grazing will convert this plant community to the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Bluegrass Plant community.Figure 11. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0601 , 15-19E all upland sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 15 40 20 10 10 Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 80–200 Columbia needlegrass ACNE9 Achnatherum nelsonii 80–200 – 2 80–200 Idaho fescue FEID Festuca idahoensis 80–200 – 3 40–120 spike fescue LEKI2 Leucopoa kingii 40–120 – 4 40–120 bluebunch wheatgrass PSSP6 Pseudoroegneria spicata 40–120 – 5 0–80 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopyrum smithii 0–80 – 6 0–80 mountain muhly MUMO Muhlenbergia montana 0–80 – 7 40–120 Grass, perennial 2GP Grass, perennial 0–40 – Letterman's needlegrass ACLE9 Achnatherum lettermanii 0–40 – California oatgrass DACA3 Danthonia californica 0–40 – onespike danthonia DAUN Danthonia unispicata 0–40 – slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 0–40 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–40 – Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poa secunda 0–40 – spike trisetum TRSP2 Trisetum spicatum 0–40 – Forb8 40–80 yarrow ACHIL Achillea 0–40 – agoseris AGOSE Agoseris 0–40 – rosy pussytoes ANRO2 Antennaria rosea 0–40 – arnica ARNIC Arnica 0–40 – balsamroot BALSA Balsamorhiza 0–40 – Indian paintbrush CASTI2 Castilleja 0–40 – buckwheat ERIOG Eriogonum 0–40 – aster EUCEP2 Eucephalus 0–40 – stoneseed LITHO3 Lithospermum 0–40 – lupine LUPIN Lupinus 0–40 – phlox PHLOX Phlox 0–40 – groundsel TEPHR3 Tephroseris 0–40 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–40 – Shrub/Vine9 0–80 black sagebrush ARNO4 Artemisia nova 0–80 – antelope bitterbrush PUTR2 Purshia tridentata 0–80 – 10 0–40 Wyoming threetip sagebrush ARTRR2 Artemisia tripartita ssp. rupicola 0–40 – 11 0–40 Rocky Mountain juniper JUSC2 Juniperus scopulorum 0–40 – 12 0–40 Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB Shrub (>.5m) 0–40 – Table 6. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 6.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 7.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations
Columbia Needlegrass/Spikefescue Plant Community (HCPC): The predominance of grasses in this plant community favors grazers and mixed-feeders, such as deer, bison, elk, and antelope. Suitable thermal and escape cover for deer may be limited due to the low quantities of woody plants. However, topographical variations could provide some escape cover. Due to the location of these sites on the foot slopes of mountains they are valuable for elk and deer winter ranges. When found adjacent to sagebrush dominated states, this plant community may provide brood rearing/foraging areas for sage grouse, as well as lek sites. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include western meadowlark, lark bunting, sage thrasher, horned larks, red-tail and ferruginous hawks, and golden eagles. Many grassland obligate small mammals would occur here.
Idaho Fescue/Mixed Shrub Plant Community: The combination of an overstory of sagebrush and an understory of grasses and forbs provides a very diverse plant community for wildlife. The crowns of sagebrush tend to break up hard crusted snow on winter ranges, so mule deer, elk, and antelope may use this state for foraging and cover year-round, as would cottontail and jack rabbits. It provides important winter, nesting, brood-rearing, and foraging habitat for sage grouse. Brewer’s sparrows’ nest in big sagebrush plants and hosts of other nesting birds utilize stands in the 20-30% cover range. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include western meadowlark, lark bunting, sage thrasher, horned larks, red-tail and ferruginous hawks, and golden eagles.
Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant Community: The combination of an overstory of big sagebrush and an understory of grasses and forbs provides a very diverse plant community for wildlife. The crowns of sagebrush tend to break up hard crusted snow on winter ranges, so mule deer, elk, and antelope may use this state for foraging and cover year-round, as would cottontail and jack rabbits. It provides important winter, nesting, brood-rearing, and foraging habitat for sage grouse. Brewer’s sparrows’ nest in big sagebrush plants and hosts of other nesting birds utilize stands in the 20-30% cover range.
Mixed Shrub/Bluegrass Plant Community: This plant community can provide important winter foraging for elk, mule deer and antelope, as sagebrush can approach 15% protein and 40-60% digestibility during that time. This community provides escape and thermal cover for large ungulates, as well as nesting and brood rearing habitat for sage grouse. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include western meadowlark, lark bunting, sage thrasher, horned larks, red-tail and ferruginous hawks, and golden eagles. Due to the lack of herbaceous production and diversity of mid cool season grasses on this site, it is not as beneficial to grazers.
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Three-tip Sagebrush Plant Community: The production of herbaceous species provided for good foraging to grazers. However, the lack of tall or mid growing shrubs does not benefit browsers nor provides cover for many wildlife species. As these site greens-up sooner in the spring, this site tends to provide early new growth for foraging large and small mammals. If located adjacent to shrub dominated sites, It provides good foraging habitat for sage grouse. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include western meadowlark, lark bunting, sage thrasher, horned larks, red-tail and ferruginous hawks, and golden eagles.
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Bluegrass Plant Community: The production of herbaceous species provided for good foraging to grazers. However, the lack of tall or mid growing shrubs does not benefit browsers nor provides cover for many wildlife species. As these site greens-up sooner in the spring, this site tends to provide early new growth for foraging large and small mammals. If located adjacent to shrub dominated sites, It provides good foraging habitat for sage grouse.
Bluegrass/Annual Plant Community: This community provides limited foraging for elk and other grazers. They may be used as a foraging site by sage grouse if proximal to woody cover. Generally, these are not target plant communities for wildlife habitat management.
Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations
The following table lists suggested stocking rates for cattle under continuous season-long grazing under normal growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ecological site description). Because of this, a field visit is recommended, in all cases, to document plant composition and production. More precise carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using this information along with animal preference data, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. Under more intensive grazing management, improved harvest efficiencies can result in an increased carrying capacity. If distribution problems occur, stocking rates must be reduced to maintain plant health and vigor.
Plant Community Production Carrying Capacity*
(Lb./ac) (AUM/ac)
Columbia Needlegrass/Spikefescue 450-950 .4
Idaho Fescue/Mixed Shrub 400-900 .3
Mixed Shrub/Rhizomatous WG 350-850 .25
Mixed Shrub/Bluegrass 250-650 .2
Rhizomatous WG/Three-tip Sagebrush 400-900 .3
Rhizomatous WG/ Bluegrass 300-700 .2
Bluegrass/Annual 150-550 .1
* - Continuous, season-long grazing by cattle under average growing conditions.
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide forage for cattle, sheep, or horses. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock use needs to be supplemented with protein because the quality does not meet minimum livestock requirements.Hydrological functions
Climate is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group D due to its shallow feature. Infiltration and runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group and water table. Runoff will be high on this site since the soil saturate easy and due to its shallow characteristic and water holding capacity. (Refer to Part 630, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for detailed hydraulic information.
Rills and gullies should not typically be present. Water flow patterns should be barely distinguishable if at all present. Litter typically falls in place, and signs of movement are not common. Chemical and physical crusts are rare to non-existent. Cryptogamic crusts are present, but only cover 1-2% of the soil surface.Recreational uses
This site provides hunting opportunities for upland game species. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors. Other recreational uses may include hiking, camping, and mountain biking.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are present on the site.
Other products
None noted.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site include: Chris Krassin, Range Management Specialist, James Haverkamp, Range Management Specialist, Steven Gullion, Range Management Specialist, James Mischke, District Conservationist, and Everet Bainter, State Range Management Specialist. Other sources used as references include USDA NRCS Water and Climate Center, USDA NRCS National Range and Pasture Handbook, and USDA NRCS Soil Surveys from various counties.
Contributors
J. Haverkamp
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Ray Gullion, E. Bainter Contact for lead author ray.gullion@wy.usda.gov 307-347-2456 Date 05/01/2008 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
Rare to nonexistent. Where present, short and widely spaced. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Barely observable. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground can range from 0-30%. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies should not be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Herbaceous and large woody litter not expected to move. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil Stability Index ratings range from 2 (interspaces) to 6 (under plant canopy), but average values should be 3.5 or greater. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Currently no soil series are correlated to this ecological site. Soil Organic Matter of less than 3% is expected. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Plant community consists of 45-75% grasses, 10% forbs, and 15-45% shrubs. Evenly distributed plant canopy (50-75%) and litter plus moderate infiltration rates result in minimal runoff. Basal cover is typically less than 10% and marginally affects runoff on this site. Surface rock fragments of 5-30% provide stability to the site, but reduce infiltration. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Mid-size, cool season bunchgrasses>> perennial shrubs>>perennial forbs>cool season rhizomatous grasses=short cool season bunchgrassesSub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Minimal decadence, typically associated with shrub component. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter ranges from 15-20% of total canopy measurement with total litter (including beneath the plant canopy) from 50-80% expected. Herbaceous litter depth typically ranges from 3-10mm. Woody litter can be up to a couple inches (4-6 cm). -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
English: 450 -950 lb/ac (700 lb/ac average); Metric 504- 1064 kg/ha (784 kg/ha average). -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Bare ground greater than 50% is the most common indicator of a threshold being crossed. Bluegrasses, black sagebrush, and three-tip sagebrush are common increasers. Annual weeds such as cheatgrass and mustards are common invasive species in disturbed sites. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species are capable of reproducing, except in extreme drought years.
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