Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site EX043B23C130
Overflow (Ov)
Absaroka Subalpine Zone
Last updated: 10/04/2019
Accessed: 07/22/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 043B–Central Rocky Mountains
Major Land Resource Unit (MLRA) 43B: Central Rocky Mountains
43B – Central Rocky Mountains – The Central Rocky Mountains extends from northern Montana to southern extent of Wyoming and from Idaho to central Wyoming. The southern extent of 43B is comprised of a combination of metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary mountains and foothills. Climatic changes across this extent are broad and create several unique breaks in the landscape.
Further information regarding MLRAs, refer to: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.
Available electronically at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_053624#handbook.LRU notes
LRU Notes:
Land Resource Unit (LRU) 43B23C: Absaroka Subalpine Zone
Based on the shifts in geology, precipitation patterns and other climatic factors, as well as elevation and vegetation, the Absaroka Range was divided into LRU 23. Further division of this LRU is necessary due to the gradient moving from the foothills to the summit, as well as aspect shifts (north/east face versus south/west face). Subset C is the high elevation zone noted for dense timber interspersed with open parks and longer persisting snowpack (within timberline). Precipitation can range from 18 to 20 plus inches and is more noted for the duration of snow cover and shorter growing season. To verify or identify Subset C (the referenced subset for this ecological site), refer to the Wyoming LRU matrix key contained within the Ecological Site Key.
This LRU/Subset occurs on the eastern divide of the Absaroka Range. This LRU starts north of Clark, WY and runs to the Thermopolis, WY area. Once the Absaroka Range merges with the Owl Creek and Wind River Ranges, the climatic patterns and elevational changes shifts the plant community and creates a break in the LRU/Subset.
The extent of soils currently correlated to this ecological site does not fit within the digitized boundary. Many of the noted soils are provisional and will be reviewed and corrected in mapping update projects. Other map units are correlated as small inclusions within other MLRA’s/LRU’s based on elevation, landform, and biological references.
Moisture Regime: Typic Ustic
Temperature Regime: Cryic
Dominant Cover: Rangeland – Sagebrush Steppe (major species is Mountain Big Sagebrush)
Representative Value (RV) Effective Precipitation: 20+ inches (508 mm)
RV Frost-Free Days: 31-65 daysClassification relationships
Relationship to Other Established Classification Systems:
National Vegetation Classification System (NVC):
2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class
2.B Temperate & Boreal Grassland & Shrubland Subclass
2.B.2 Temperate Grassland & Shrubland Formation
2.B.2.Na Western North American Grassland & Shrubland Division
M048 Central Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Grassland & Shrubland Macro-group
G273 Central Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill & Valley Grassland Group
Ecoregions (EPA):
Level I: 6 North Western Forested Mountains
Level II: 6.2 Western Cordillera
Level III: 6.2.10 Middle Rockies
Level IV: 6.2.17ao – Absaroka Volcanic Subalpine Zone
6.2.17i – Absaroka – Gallatin Volcanic MountainsEcological site concept
• Site receives significant additional effective moisture as overland flow.
• Slope is < 6%
• Soils are:
o Textures range from loamy sand to clay in top 4” (10 cm) of mineral soil surface
o All subsurface horizons in the particle size control section have a weighted average of > 18% clay but < 35% clay. (The particle size control section is the segment of the profile from either the start of an argillic horizon for 50 cm’s or from 25-100 cm’s).
o Moderately deep to very deep (20-80+ in. (50-200+ cm)
o <3% stone and boulder cover and occasionally up to 10% cobble and gravel cover
o Not skeletal (<35% rock fragments) within 20” (50 cm) of mineral soil surface
o None to Slightly effervescent throughout top 20” (50 cm) of mineral soil surface
o Non-saline, sodic, or saline-sodicAssociated sites
R043BY122WY Loamy High Mountains
Loamy
R043BY174WY Subirrigated High Mountains
Subirrigated
Similar sites
R043BY230WY Overflow Foothills and Mountains West
Overflow (Ov) 15-19W has lower production.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub (1) Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana
Herbaceous (1) Achnatherum nelsonii
(2) Deschampsia cespitosaLegacy ID
R043BX730WY
Physiographic features
This site occurs on gently sloping to moderately sloping flood plains, canyons, and small valley bottoms along intermittent streams.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Mountain range > Alluvial fan
(2) Mountain range > Stream terrace
(3) Mountain range > Flood plain
Runoff class Negligible to medium Flooding duration Very brief (4 to 48 hours) Flooding frequency Frequent Ponding frequency None Elevation 6500 – 12000 ft Slope 1 – 10 % Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
Annual precipitation and modeled relative effective annual precipitation range from 18 to 35 inches (457 – 889 mm). The normal precipitation pattern is evenly distributed through the year and averages over 20 inches. Annual snowfall averages 150 to 200 inches annually. Wide fluctuations may occur in yearly precipitation and result in more dry years than those with more than normal precipitation.
Because of the varied topography, the wind will vary considerably for different parts of the area. Prevailing winds are from the southwest, and strong winds are less frequent than over other areas of
Wyoming. Occasional storms, however, can bring brief periods of high winds with gusts exceeding 50
mph.
Temperatures show a wide range between summer and winter and between daily maximums and minimums, due to the high elevation and dry air, which permits rapid incoming and outgoing radiation. Cold air outbreaks from Canada in winter move rapidly from northwest to southeast and account for extreme minimum temperatures. Chinook winds may occur in winter and bring rapid rises in temperature. High winds are generally blocked by high mountains but occur in conjunction with thunderstorms, which are common in late summer. Growth of native cool-season plants begins about June 1, but can be as late as July 15, and continues until the beginning of September.
For detailed information visit the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/. Climate station representative of this precipitation zone include: “Cooke City 2W” and “Tower Falls”. The following graphs and charts are a collective sample representing the averaged normals and 30-year annual rainfall data for the selected weather stations from 1981 to 2010.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 0-0 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 20-50 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 20-20 in Frost-free period (actual range) 0-0 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 20-50 days Precipitation total (actual range) 20-20 in Frost-free period (average) 0 days Freeze-free period (average) 40 days Precipitation total (average) 20 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) COOKE CITY 2 W [USC00241995], Gardiner, MT
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(2) TOWER FALLS [USC00489025], Yellowstone National Park, WY
">Influencing water features
The characteristics of these soils have no influence from ground water (water table below 60 inches (150 cm)) but does have significant influence from surface water/overland flow. Irrigation runoff as well as isolated features that are affected by snow pack that persists longer than surrounding areas due to position on the landform (shaded/protected pockets) will create this site in non-typical locations.
Soil features
The soils of this site are deep to very deep with varying textures from sandy loam to light silty clay loams. These soils occur in playa areas or along stream courses which receive periodic overflow from adjacent slopes. Erosion is slight except for some streambank cutting. Landscape position is very important to this site.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Alluvium – igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock
Surface texture (1) Gravelly sandy loam
(2) Cobbly loam
(3) Silty clay
Family particle size (1) Fine-loamy
Drainage class Moderately well drained to well drained Permeability class Slow to moderately rapid Soil depth 20 – 60 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 25 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 15 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)3 – 4.5 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 15 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 8 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 5 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)7.2 – 8.8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 25 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 15 % Ecological dynamics
As this site deteriorates from improper grazing management, species such rhizomatous wheatgrass, Letterman needlegrass, silver and mountain big sage, and snowberry will increase. Kentucky bluegrass and introduced forbs such as dandelion often invade. Cool season grasses such as blue wildrye, slender wheatgrass, Columbia needlegrass, and mountain brome will decrease in frequency and production.
The Historic Climax Plant Community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, or areas protected from excessive disturbance. Trends in plant communities going from heavily grazed areas to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts have also been used.
The following is a State and Transition Model Diagram that illustrates the common plant communities (states) that can occur on the site and the transitions between these communities. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community narratives following the diagram.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Columbia Needlegrass/Mixed Shrub Plant Community (HCPC)Community 1.1
Columbia Needlegrass/Mixed Shrub Plant Community (HCPC)The interpretive plant community for this site is the Historic Climax Plant Community. This state evolved with grazing by large herbivores and is suited for grazing by domestic livestock. Potential vegetation is estimated at 65% grasses or grass-like plants, 20% forbs and 15% woody plants.
The major grasses include Columbia needlegrass, tufted hairgrass, mountain brome, blue wildrye, slender wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue. Other grasses may include alpine timothy, nodding brome, big and Canby bluegrass, Letterman and western needlegrass, thickspike wheatgrass, spike fescue, sun and dunehead sedge, oniongrass, timber oatgrass, and prairie junegrass. Woody plants may include silver and mountain big sagebrush, chokecherry, snowberry, serviceberry, willows, and rose.
A typical plant community consists of Colulmbia needlegrass 5-15%, tufted hairgrass 5-15%, mountain brome 5-15%, blue wildrye 5-10%, slender wheatgrass 5-10%, Idaho fescue 5-10%, other perennial grasses 10-20%, perennial forbs 10-20%, and 5-15% woody plants. Ground cover, by ocular estimate, varies from 65-80%.
The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 3500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 2500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 4000 lbs./acre in above average years.
The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year:
Growth curve number: WY0102
Growth curve name: 20+M, EXTRA WATER SITES
Growth curve description: OV EXTRA WATER SITES
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0
(Monthly percentages of total annual growth)
This plant community is extremely stable and well adapted to the Central Rocky Mountains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species and additional moisture allows for high drought tolerance. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity).
Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Continuous Season-Long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Mixed Shrub/Slender Wheatgrass State.
Figure 7. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0102 , 20+ extra water sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 30 40 20 5 State 2
Mixed Shrub/Slender Wheatgrass Plant CommunityCommunity 2.1
Mixed Shrub/Slender Wheatgrass Plant CommunityThis plant community evolved under continuous grazing by domestic livestock. Dominant grasses include Idaho fescue, rhizomatous wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Mountain big sagebrush and snowberry have increased, with annual production often exceeding 40%. Silver sagebrush and rabbitbrush are of secondary importance.
The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 3000 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 2000 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 4000 lbs./acre in above average years.
The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year:
Growth curve number: WY0102
Growth curve name: 20+M, EXTRA WATER SITES
Growth curve description: OV EXTRA WATER SITES
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0
(Monthly percentages of total annual growth)
The state is moderately stable and somewhat vulnerable to excessive erosion. The biotic integrity of this plant community is usually intact. However, it can be at risk depending on how far a shift has occurred in plant composition toward mountain big sagebrush. The watershed is usually functioning. However, it can become at risk when canopy cover of big sagebrush and/or bare ground increases.
Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Brush Management followed by deferment for 1 to 2 years as part of a Prescribed Grazing plan will eventually result in a plant community very similar to the Historic Climax Plant Community (Columbia Needlegrass/Mixed Shrub State). Care should be taken when planning brush management to consider wildlife habitat and critical winter ranges.
• Brush Management or Wildfire followed by Continuous Season-long Grazing will result in the Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass State.
Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0102 , 20+ extra water sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 30 40 20 5 State 3
Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant CommunityCommunity 3.1
Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant CommunityThis plant community is the result of long-term improper grazing use after wildfire or brush management practices. Sprouting woody species such as silver sagebrush and rabbitbrush dominate this state. Noxious weeds such as Canada thistle may invade. Other forbs such as dandelion, lupine, aster, and buckwheat increase. Large bunchgrasses and mountain big sage have been lost or only remnants remain.
The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 2000 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 1000 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 3000 lbs./acre in above average years.
The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year:
Growth curve number: WY0102
Growth curve name: 20+M, EXTRA WATER SITES
Growth curve description: OV EXTRA WATER SITES
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0
(Monthly percentages of total annual growth)
The biotic integrity is threatened by the invasion of noxious weeds. The soil of this state is not protected. The watershed may produce excessive runoff.
Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Chemical Brush Management followed by Continuous Season-long Grazing will result in the Kentucky Bluegrass/Forb State.
Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0102 , 20+ extra water sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 30 40 20 5 State 4
Kentucky Bluegrass/Forb Plant CommunityCommunity 4.1
Kentucky Bluegrass/Forb Plant CommunityThis plant community is the result of long-term improper grazing use after wildfire or chemical brush management practices. Introduced grasses and forbs such as Kentucky bluegrass and dandelion dominate this state. Noxious weeds such as musk and Canada thistle often invade.
The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 1000 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 1500 lbs./acre in above average years.
The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year:
Growth curve number: WY0102
Growth curve name: 20+M, EXTRA WATER SITES
Growth curve description: OV EXTRA WATER SITES
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0
(Monthly percentages of total annual growth)
The biotic integrity is threatened by the invasion of noxious weeds. The soil of this state is not protected. The watershed may produce excessive runoff.
Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows:
• Long Term Prescribed Grazing may eventually return this state to the Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass State.
Figure 11. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0102 , 20+ extra water sites.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 30 40 20 5 Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 175–525 Columbia needlegrass ACNE9 Achnatherum nelsonii 175–525 – 2 175–525 3 175–525 mountain brome BRMA4 Bromus marginatus 175–525 – 4 175–350 blue wildrye ELGL Elymus glaucus 175–350 – 5 175–350 slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Elymus trachycaulus 175–350 – 6 175–350 Idaho fescue FEID Festuca idahoensis 175–350 – 7 350–700 Grass, perennial 2GP Grass, perennial 0–175 – Letterman's needlegrass ACLE9 Achnatherum lettermanii 0–175 – western needlegrass ACOC3 Achnatherum occidentale 0–175 – Porter brome BRPO2 Bromus porteri 0–175 – sun sedge CAINH2 Carex inops ssp. heliophila 0–175 – dunhead sedge CAPH2 Carex phaeocephala 0–175 – timber oatgrass DAIN Danthonia intermedia 0–175 – thickspike wheatgrass ELLAL Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus 0–175 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–175 – spike fescue LEKI2 Leucopoa kingii 0–175 – oniongrass MEBU Melica bulbosa 0–175 – alpine timothy PHAL2 Phleum alpinum 0–175 – Forb8 350–700 Forb, perennial 2FP Forb, perennial 0–175 – common yarrow ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 0–175 – agoseris AGOSE Agoseris 0–175 – pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria 0–175 – columbine AQUIL Aquilegia 0–175 – sandwort ARENA Arenaria 0–175 – milkvetch ASTRA Astragalus 0–175 – bellflower CAMPA Campanula 0–175 – Indian paintbrush CASTI2 Castilleja 0–175 – elk thistle CIFO Cirsium foliosum 0–175 – springbeauty CLAYT Claytonia 0–175 – larkspur DELPH Delphinium 0–175 – fleabane ERIGE2 Erigeron 0–175 – buckwheat ERIOG Eriogonum 0–175 – aster EUCEP2 Eucephalus 0–175 – geranium GERAN Geranium 0–175 – avens GEUM Geum 0–175 – streambank wild hollyhock ILRI Iliamna rivularis 0–175 – pea LATHY Lathyrus 0–175 – bladderpod LESQU Lesquerella 0–175 – stoneseed LITHO3 Lithospermum 0–175 – lupine LUPIN Lupinus 0–175 – mayflower MAIAN Maianthemum 0–175 – creeping barberry MARE11 Mahonia repens 0–175 – forget-me-not MYOSO Myosotis 0–175 – ragwort PACKE Packera 0–175 – beardtongue PENST Penstemon 0–175 – phacelia PHACE Phacelia 0–175 – phlox PHLOX Phlox 0–175 – cinquefoil POTEN Potentilla 0–175 – buttercup RANUN Ranunculus 0–175 – stonecrop SEDUM Sedum 0–175 – ragwort SENEC Senecio 0–175 – starwort STELL Stellaria 0–175 – meadow-rue THALI2 Thalictrum 0–175 – clover TRIFO Trifolium 0–175 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–175 – violet VIOLA Viola 0–175 – Shrub/Vine9 175–525 Shrub, deciduous 2SD Shrub, deciduous 0–175 – Shrub, evergreen 2SE Shrub, evergreen 0–175 – Tree, deciduous 2TD Tree, deciduous 0–175 – Tree, evergreen 2TE Tree, evergreen 0–175 – Saskatoon serviceberry AMAL2 Amelanchier alnifolia 0–175 – silver sagebrush ARCA13 Artemisia cana 0–175 – mountain big sagebrush ARTRV Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana 0–175 – chokecherry PRVI Prunus virginiana 0–175 – Woods' rose ROWOW Rosa woodsii var. woodsii 0–175 – willow SALIX Salix 0–175 – russet buffaloberry SHCA Shepherdia canadensis 0–175 – snowberry SYMPH Symphoricarpos 0–175 – Table 6. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations
Columbia Needlegrass/Mixed Shrub Plant Community (HCPC): The high degree of plant species and structural diversity, additional moisture, and woody plants in this community favors a large variety of wildlife. Mountain big sage provides suitable thermal and escape cover for mule deer, elk, and antelope. This community provides habitat for a wide array of small mammals such as jackrabbits, cottontail rabbits, mice, and voles so diverse prey populations are available for badgers, fox, coyotes, and raptors such as red-tail and Swainson’s hawks.
Mixed Shrub/Slender Wheatgrass Plant Community: This plant community may be useful for the same wildlife that would use the Historic Climax Plant Community. However, the plant community composition is less diverse, and thus, less apt to meet the seasonal needs of these animals.
Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community: The plant community composition is much less diverse, and thus, less apt to meet the seasonal needs of many wildlife dependent on big sagebrush.
Kentucky Bluegrass/Forb Plant Community: The plant community composition is much less diverse, and thus, less apt to meet the seasonal needs of many wildlife dependent on big sagebrush.
Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations
The following table lists suggested stocking rates for cattle under continuous season-long grazing under normal growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ecological site description). Because of this, a field visit is recommended, in all cases, to document plant composition and production. More precise carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using this information along with animal preference data, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. Under more intensive grazing management, improved harvest efficiencies can result in an increased carrying capacity. If distribution problems occur, stocking rates must be reduced to maintain plant health and vigor.
Plant Community Production Carrying Capacity*
(lb./ac) (AUM/ac)
Columbia Needlegrass/Mixed Shrub (HCPC) 2500-4000 1.1
Mixed Shrub/Slender Wheatgrass 2000-4000 0.9
Silver Sage/Kentucky Bluegrass 1000-3000 0.6
Kentucky Bluegrass/Forb 500-1500 0.3
* - Continuous, season-long grazing by cattle under average growing conditions.
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage for cattle, sheep, or horses. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock use needs to be supplemented with protein because the quality does not meet minimum livestock requirements.Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group B and C. Infiltration ranges from moderate to rapid. Runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75% ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. Areas where ground cover is less than 50% have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Part 630, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for detailed hydrology information).
Rills and gullies should not typically be present. Water flow patterns should be barely distinguishable if at all present. Pedestals are only slightly present in association with bunchgrasses. Litter typically falls in place, and signs of movement are not common. Chemical and physical crusts are rare to non-existent. Cryptogamic crusts are present, but only cover 1-2% of the soil surface.Recreational uses
This site provides hunting opportunities for upland game species. The wide variety of plants which bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are present on the site.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site include: Bill Christensen, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Karen Clause, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist, NRCS. Other sources used as references include USDA NRCS Water and Climate Center, USDA NRCS National Range and Pasture Handbook, USDI and USDA Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health Version 3, and USDA NRCS Soil Surveys from various counties. Information presented here has been derived from NRCS inventory data, Field observations from range trained personnel, and the existing range site descriptions. Those involved in developing the Loamy range site include: Karen Clause, Range Management Specialist, NRCS and Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist. Those involved in the development of the new concept for Loamy and Loamy Calcareous Ecological site include: Ray Gullion, Area Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Jim Wolf, Resource Manager, USDI-BLM; Jack Mononi, Range Management Specialist, USDI-BLM; Daniel Wood, MLRA Soil Survey Leader, NRCS; Jane Karinen, Soil Data Quality Specialist, NRCS; and Marji Patz, Ecological Site Specialist, NRCS. Inventory Data References: Ocular field estimations observed by trained personnel were completed at each site. Then sites were selected where a 100-foot tape was stretched, and the following sample procedures were completed by inventory staff. For full sampling protocol and guidelines with forms please refer to the Wyoming ESI Operating Procedures, compiled in 2012 for the Powell and Rock Springs Soil Survey Office, USDA-NRCS. • Double Sampling Production Data (4.8 square foot hoop used to estimate 10 points, clipped a minimum of 2 of these estimated points, with two 21-foot X 21-foot square extended shrub plots). • Line Point Intercept (over story and understory captured with soil cover). Height of herbaceous and woody cover is collected every three feet along established transect.) • Continuous Line Intercept (Woody Canopy Cover, with minimum gap of 0.2 of a foot for all woody species and succulents. Intercept height collected at each measurement.), • Gap Intercept (Basal Gap measured with a minimum gap requirement of 0.7 foot.), • Sample Point (10 – 1-meter square point photographs taken at set distances on transect. Red using the sample point computer program established by the High Plains Agricultural Research Center, WY). • Soil Stability (Slake Test – surface and subsurface samples collected and processed according to the soil stability guidelines provided by the Jornada Research Center, NM.)
Other references
Baker, William L. 2006. Fire and Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(1): 177-185.
Bestelmeyer, B., and J. R. Brown. 2005. State-and-transition models 101: a fresh look at vegetation change. The Quivira Coalition Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 3.
Bestelmeyer, B., J. R. Brown, K. M. Havstad, B. Alexander, G. Chavez, J. E. Herrick. 2003. Development and use of state and transition models for rangelands. Journal of Range Management 56(2):114-126.
Bestelmeyer, B., J. E. Herrick, J. R. Brown, D. A. Trujillo, and K. M. Havstad. 2004. Land management in the American Southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity. Environmental Management 34(1):38-51.
Herrick, J. E., J. W. Van Zee, K. M. Havstad, L. M. Burkett, and W. G. Whitford. 2005. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna Ecosystems. Volume I Quick Start. USDA - ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Herrick, J. E., J. W. Van Zee, K. M. Havstad, L. M. Burkett, and W. G. Whitford. 2005. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna Ecosystems. Volume II: Design, supplementary methods and interpretation. USDA - ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
NRCS. 2014. (electronic) National Water and Climate Center. Available online at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
NRCS. 2014. (electronic) Field Office Technical Guide. Available online at http://efotg.nrcs.usda.gov/efotg_locator.aspx?map=WY NRCS. 2009. Plant Guide: Cheatgrass. Prepared by Skinner et al., National Plant Data Center.
Pellant, M., P. Shaver, D. A. Pyke, and J. E. Herrick. 2005. Interpreting indicators of rangeland health. Version 4. Technical Reference 1734-6.
USDI-BLM. Ricketts, M. J., R. S. Noggles, and B. Landgraf-Gibbons. 2004. Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range Survey and Assessment. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Schoeneberger, P. J., D. A. Wysocki, E. C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. (http://soils.usda.gov/technical/fieldbook/)
Stringham, T. K. and W. C. Krueger. 2001. States, transitions, and thresholds: Further refinement for rangeland applications. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Special Report 1024.
Stringham, T. K., W. C. Kreuger, and P. L Shaver. 2003. State and transition modeling: an ecological process approach. Journal of Range Management 56(2):106-113.
United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, Chapter 3: Examination and Description of Soils. Pg.192-196.
USDA, NRCS. 1997. National Range and Pasture Handbook. (http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html)
Trlica, M. J. 1999. Grass growth and response to grazing. Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension. Range. Natural Resource Series. No. 6.108.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS). 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS), Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Eleventh Edition, 2010.
USDA/NRCS Soil survey manuals for appropriate counties within MLRA 43B.
Western Regional Climate Center. (2014) (electronic) Station Metadata. Available online at: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmwy.html.Contributors
K. Clause
Approval
Scott Woodall, 10/04/2019
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) K. Clause, E. Bainter Contact for lead author karen.clause@wy.usda.gov or 307-367-2257 Date 03/16/2007 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water flow patterns sometimes evident in ephemeral floodplain zone where this site occurs. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground is less than 5%. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies should not be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Minimal to nonexistent. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Herbaceous litter expected to move in water flow patterns. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil Stability Index ratings range from 3 (interspaces) to 6 (under plant canopy), but average values should be 4.0 or greater. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil data is limited for this site. Soil OM of 10-16% is expected. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Plant community consists of 65-80% grasses, 20% forbs, and 0-15% shrubs. Dense plant canopy (75-95%) and litter plus moderate infiltration rates result in minimal runoff. Basal cover is typically greater than 5% for this site and effectively reduces runoff on this site. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No compaction layer exists. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
mid-size, cool season bunchgrassesSub-dominant:
perennial forbs perennial shrubs tall, cool season bunchgrassesOther:
cool season rhizomatous grasses = short, cool season bunchgrassesAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Minimal decadence, typically associated with shrub component. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter ranges from 1-20% of total canopy measurement with total litter (including beneath the plant canopy) from 80-95% expected. Herbaceous litter depth typically ranges from 15-30 mm. Woody litter can be up to several inches (>8 cm). -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
English: 2500-4000 lb/ac (3500 lb/ac average); Metric: 2800-4480 kg/ha (3920 kg/ha average). -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Bare ground greater than 20%, noxious weed invasion, and/or presence of Kentucky bluegrass are the most common indicators of a threshold being crossed. Rabbitbrush, mountain silver sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, rhizomatous wheatgrass, and snowberry are common increasers. Common dandelion, thistles, and Kentucky bluegrass are common invasive species on disturbed sites. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species are capable of reproducing, except in drought years.
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PrintThe Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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