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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 041X–Madrean Archipelago
AZ 41.2 – Chihuahuan – Sonoran Desert Shrubs
Elevations range from 2600 to 4000 feet and precipitation ranges from 8 to 12 inches per year. Vegetation includes mesquite, palo verde, catclaw acacia, soaptree yucca, creosotebush, whitethorn, staghorn cholla, desert saltbush, Mormon tea, burroweed, snakeweed, tobosa, black grama, threeawns, bush muhly, dropseed, and burrograss. The soil temperature regime is thermic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic. This unit occurs within the Basin and Range Physiographic Province and is characterized by numerous mountain ranges that rise abruptly from broad, plain-like valleys and basins. Igneous and metamorphic rock classes dominate the mountain ranges and sediments filling the basins represent combinations of fluvial, lacustrine, colluvial and alluvial deposits.Associated sites
R041XB207AZ Limy Slopes 8-12" p.z.
R041XB208AZ Limy Upland 8-12" p.z.
R041XB213AZ Sandy Wash 8-12" p.z.
R041XB216AZ Clayey Slopes 8-12" p.z.
Similar sites
R041XC302AZ Clayey Swale 12-16" p.z.
R041XA114AZ Loamy Bottom 16-20" p.z.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree (1) Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) sporobolus wrightii
Physiographic features
This site occurs in the lowest elevations of the Madrean Basin and Range province in southeastern Arizona. It occurs on floodplains and low stream terraces of first and second order tributaries of major stream systems. It benefits on a regular basis from extra moisture received as over-bank flooding. It lacks any water table within the reach of mesquite roots.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Flood plain
(2) Stream terrace
Flooding duration Very brief (4 to 48 hours) to brief (2 to 7 days) Flooding frequency Occasional to frequent Ponding duration Very brief (4 to 48 hours) Ponding frequency None to rare Elevation 2600 – 4000 ft Slope 0 – 3 % Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
Precipitation ranges from 8-12 inches annually. More than half falls during Jul-Sep in brief, but often heavy, thunderstorms. The rest of the moisture comes as light rain or snow that falls slowly for a day or more, but rarely lasts more than a day. May and June are normally the driest months. Humidity is generally very low.
Temperatures are mild throughout most of the year. Freezing temperatures are common at night Dec-Feb; brief 0 F may be observed some nights. During June, July & August, some days may exceed 100 F.
In years of average or greater winter precipitation, annual grasses and forbs occur abundantly in the interspaces.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 240 days Freeze-free period (average) 0 days Precipitation total (average) 0 in BarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
There are no water features associated with this site.
Soil features
These are young soils on loamy to clayey alluvium of mixed origin. They are deep and moderately dark colored. Plant-soil moisture relationships are excellent.
Soils mapped on this site include: SSA-662 Safford area MU's Ac & Ag Agua, AhA Anthony, GgA Gila and Pm Pima; SSA-664 San Simon area MU's 1 & 24 Gila, 24 Glendale, 33 & 34 Pima and 34 Grabe; SSA-666 Cochise county Northwest part MU 42 Glendale; SSA-671 Cochise county Douglas-Tombstone part MU's 36 Ugyp and 111 Ugyp stream terraces.Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Fine sandy loam
(2) Silt loam
(3) Loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderately slow to slow Soil depth 60 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 10 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 1 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)5.8 – 10.8 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 10 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 4 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 6 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)7 – 8.2 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 5 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 1 % Ecological dynamics
The plant communities found on an ecological site are naturally variable. Composition and production will vary with yearly conditions, location, aspect, and the natural variability of the soils. The Historical Climax Plant Community represents the natural potential plant communities found on relict or relatively undisturbed sites. Other plant communities described here represent plant communities that are known to occur when the site is disturbed by factors such as fire, grazing, or drought.
Production data provided in this site description is standardized to air dry weight at the end of the summer growing season. The plant communities described in this site description are based on near normal rainfall years.
NRCS uses a Similarity Index to compare existing plant communities to the plant communities described here. Similarity index is determined by comparing the production and composition of a plant community to the production and composition of a plant community described in this site description. To determine Similarity index, compare the production (air dry weight) of each species to that shown in the plant community description. For each species, count no more than the maximum amount shown for the species, and for each group, count no more than the maximum amount shown for each group. Divide the resulting total by the total normal year production shown in the plant community description. If the rainfall has been significantly above or below normal, use the total production shown for above or below normal years. If field data is not collected at the end of the summer growing season, then the field data must be corrected to the end of the year production before comparing it to the site description. The growth curve can be used as a guide for estimating production at the end of the summer growing season.
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 4. State and Transition, Loamy Swales 8-12" p.z.
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Historic Climax Plant CommunityCommunity 1.1
Historic Climax Plant CommunityThe historic native state includes the native plant communities that occur on the site, including the historic climax plant community. This state includes other plant communities that naturally occupy the site following fire, drought, flooding, herbivores, and other natural disturbances. The historic plant community represents the natural climax community that eventually re-occupies the site with proper management.
The potential plant community is dominated by western honey mesquite and giant sacaton and other grasses. Periodic flooding accounts for very productive stands of trees and grass. Naturally occurring fires, June thru August, were an important factor in maintaining the plant community on this site. Mesquite can increase to dominate the native plant community in the absence of high intensity fires. Sediment accumulation around the stem bases of established mesquite can occur with flooding. Even repeated fires will not remove established mesquite if their bud zones are buried by sediment.Figure 5. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 535 1500 2100 Tree 200 400 600 Forb 20 100 350 Shrub/Vine 1 20 50 Total 756 2020 3100 Table 6. Soil surface cover
Tree basal cover 0% Shrub/vine/liana basal cover 0-0% Grass/grasslike basal cover 10-20% Forb basal cover 0-0% Non-vascular plants 0% Biological crusts 0-20% Litter 10-50% Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" 0-10% Surface fragments >3" 0-0% Bedrock 0% Water 0% Bare ground 10-80% Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
Height Above Ground (ft) Tree Shrub/Vine Grass/
GrasslikeForb <0.5 – – 1-5% 1-10% >0.5 <= 1 – 0-1% 1-5% 1-10% >1 <= 2 – 0-1% 5-10% 1-10% >2 <= 4.5 – 1-2% 15-25% 0-5% >4.5 <= 13 5-10% 1-2% 0-5% 0-1% >13 <= 40 5-10% – – – >40 <= 80 – – – – >80 <= 120 – – – – >120 – – – – State 2
AnnualsCommunity 2.1
AnnualsSome areas of this state have been created by cultivation for irrigated farming and subsequent abandonment. Former cultivated areas usually have been altered by the diversion of floodwaters with dikes or drainage ditches. In other areas mesquite has been cleared or harvested and annual species dominate. Native and non-native annual forbs and grasses dominate the plant community with minor amounts of other native and non-native perennial grasses.
State 3
Mesquite, erodedCommunity 3.1
Mesquite, eroded
Figure 6. Loamy Swale 8-12" pz. eroded
The down-cutting of major stream systems and subsequent "valley side" gullying have left many areas of this state in and along second order tributaries. The site no longer benefits from flooding. The plant community is dominated by mature mesquite trees with little or no perennial under-story. This state is not recognized as a mesquite woodland site. Usually canopy cover is less than 30% and groundwater is too deep for mesquite roots to reach it and allow the formation of bosques. Maximum height of mesquite on this site (in this state) is about 20 feet.
State 4
Exotic grasses and forbsCommunity 4.1
Exotic grasses and forbsThis state exists where non-native grasses and forbs dominate the under-story with mesquite canopy. Grasses include bermuda, Johnson grass, red brome, foxtail barley and barnyard grass. Forbs include London rocket, filaree, purslane, tumbleweed and cheeseweed. These species may affect the native flora of grasses and forbs negatively by reducing the seed bank of annuals and direct competition with perennials.
State 5
Mesquite, nativesCommunity 5.1
Mesquite, natives
Figure 7. Loamy Swale 8-12" pz. mesquite
This state occurs where mesquite has increased in canopy cover and density to dominate the site. Mesquite canopy ranges from 5 to 20%. Native perennial and annual grasses and forbs dominate the under-story.
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Dominant perennial grasses 500–1800 big sacaton SPWR2 Sporobolus wrightii 200–1000 – sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 100–400 – bush muhly MUPO2 Muhlenbergia porteri 100–300 – vine mesquite PAOB Panicum obtusum 100–300 – alkali sacaton SPAI Sporobolus airoides 0–150 – whiplash pappusgrass PAVA2 Pappophorum vaginatum 25–100 – tobosagrass PLMU3 Pleuraphis mutica 0–50 – 2 miscellaneous perennial grasses 25–150 cane bluestem BOBA3 Bothriochloa barbinodis 10–50 – spidergrass ARTE3 Aristida ternipes 10–30 – Arizona cottontop DICA8 Digitaria californica 0–25 – squirreltail ELELE Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides 0–25 – green sprangletop LEDU Leptochloa dubia 0–25 – plains bristlegrass SEVU2 Setaria vulpiseta 5–25 – creeping muhly MURE Muhlenbergia repens 0–15 – spidergrass ARTEG Aristida ternipes var. gentilis 0–15 – flatsedge CYPER Cyperus 0–15 – Parish's threeawn ARPUP5 Aristida purpurea var. parishii 0–15 – purple threeawn ARPU9 Aristida purpurea 0–10 – tanglehead HECO10 Heteropogon contortus 0–10 – spike dropseed SPCO4 Sporobolus contractus 0–10 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–5 – burrograss SCBR2 Scleropogon brevifolius 0–5 – 3 Annual grasses 10–150 feather fingergrass CHVI4 Chloris virgata 0–50 – mucronate sprangeltop LEPAB Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata 0–25 – Mexican panicgrass PAHI5 Panicum hirticaule 0–25 – Arizona signalgrass URAR Urochloa arizonica 0–25 – sixweeks fescue VUOC Vulpia octoflora 0–25 – needle grama BOAR Bouteloua aristidoides 0–20 – tapertip cupgrass ERACA Eriochloa acuminata var. acuminata 0–15 – Mexican sprangletop LEFUU Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia 0–10 – sixweeks grama BOBA2 Bouteloua barbata 0–5 – Arizona brome BRAR4 Bromus arizonicus 0–5 – Bigelow's bluegrass POBI Poa bigelovii 0–5 – sticky sprangletop LEVI5 Leptochloa viscida 0–5 – delicate muhly MUFR Muhlenbergia fragilis 0–5 – littleseed muhly MUMI Muhlenbergia microsperma 0–5 – witchgrass PACA6 Panicum capillare 0–5 – Mexican lovegrass ERME Eragrostis mexicana 0–5 – desert lovegrass ERPEM Eragrostis pectinacea var. miserrima 0–5 – tufted lovegrass ERPEP2 Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 0–5 – sixweeks threeawn ARAD Aristida adscensionis 0–5 – prairie threeawn AROL Aristida oligantha 0–5 – Forb4 Perennial forbs 10–50 Missouri gourd CUFO Cucurbita foetidissima 0–50 – coyote gourd CUPA Cucurbita palmata 0–25 – weakleaf bur ragweed AMCO3 Ambrosia confertiflora 1–25 – fingerleaf gourd CUDI Cucurbita digitata 0–25 – scarlet spiderling BOCO Boerhavia coccinea 0–15 – spreading fleabane ERDI4 Erigeron divergens 0–10 – canaigre dock RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus 0–10 – Indian rushpea HOGL2 Hoffmannseggia glauca 0–10 – desert globemallow SPAM2 Sphaeralcea ambigua 0–10 – spear globemallow SPHA Sphaeralcea hastulata 0–10 – brownplume wirelettuce STPA4 Stephanomeria pauciflora 0–5 – Louisiana vetch VILUL2 Vicia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana 0–5 – Trans-Pecos thimblehead HYWI Hymenothrix wislizeni 0–5 – beeblossom GAURA Gaura 0–5 – southwestern mock vervain GLGO Glandularia gooddingii 0–5 – small matweed GUDED Guilleminea densa var. densa 0–5 – silverleaf nightshade SOEL Solanum elaeagnifolium 0–5 – Missouri goldenrod SOMI2 Solidago missouriensis 0–5 – Wright's cudweed PSCAC2 Pseudognaphalium canescens ssp. canescens 0–5 – ivyleaf groundcherry PHHE4 Physalis hederifolia 0–2 – wild dwarf morning-glory EVAR Evolvulus arizonicus 0–2 – whitemouth dayflower COER Commelina erecta 0–2 – milkweed ASCLE Asclepias 0–1 – 5 Annual forbs 10–300 sedge CAREX Carex 50–250 – flatsedge CYPER Cyperus 50–250 – slimleaf sneezeweed HELI Helenium linifolium 50–250 – rush JUNCU Juncus 50–250 – carelessweed AMPA Amaranthus palmeri 0–50 – western tansymustard DEPI Descurainia pinnata 0–50 – camphorweed HESU3 Heterotheca subaxillaris 0–50 – ivyleaf morning-glory IPHE Ipomoea hederacea 0–25 – sensitive partridge pea CHNI2 Chamaecrista nictitans 0–25 – New Mexico thistle CINE Cirsium neomexicanum 0–25 – wheelscale saltbush ATEL Atriplex elegans 0–25 – Coulter's spiderling BOCO2 Boerhavia coulteri 0–25 – Wright's saltbush ATWR Atriplex wrightii 0–15 – horseweed CONYZ Conyza 0–15 – cryptantha CRYPT Cryptantha 0–15 – Arizona poppy KAGR Kallstroemia grandiflora 0–15 – crestrib morning-glory IPCO2 Ipomoea costellata 0–15 – redstar IPCO3 Ipomoea coccinea 0–15 – intermediate pepperweed LEVIM Lepidium virginicum var. medium 0–15 – Arizona popcornflower PLAR Plagiobothrys arizonicus 0–15 – Nuttall's povertyweed MONU Monolepis nuttalliana 0–15 – common sunflower HEAN3 Helianthus annuus 0–10 – longleaf false goldeneye HELOA2 Heliomeris longifolia var. annua 0–10 – longleaf false goldeneye HELOL Heliomeris longifolia var. longifolia 0–5 – scrambled eggs COAU2 Corydalis aurea 0–5 – California poppy ESCAM Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana 0–5 – spurge EUPHO Euphorbia 0–5 – Arizona blanketflower GAAR2 Gaillardia arizonica 0–5 – goosefoot CHENO Chenopodium 0–5 – shaggyfruit pepperweed LELA Lepidium lasiocarpum 0–5 – warty caltrop KAPA Kallstroemia parviflora 0–5 – desert Indianwheat PLOV Plantago ovata 0–5 – purslane PORTU Portulaca 0–5 – desert unicorn-plant PRAL4 Proboscidea althaeifolia 0–5 – doubleclaw PRPA2 Proboscidea parviflora 0–5 – Florida pellitory PAFL3 Parietaria floridana 0–5 – combseed PECTO Pectocarya 0–5 – phacelia PHACE Phacelia 0–5 – phlox PHLOX Phlox 0–5 – foothill deervetch LOHU2 Lotus humistratus 0–5 – coastal bird's-foot trefoil LOSAB Lotus salsuginosus var. brevivexillus 0–5 – Arizona lupine LUAR4 Lupinus arizonicus 0–5 – Coulter's lupine LUSP2 Lupinus sparsiflorus 0–5 – slender goldenweed MAGR10 Machaeranthera gracilis 0–5 – tanseyleaf tansyaster MATA2 Machaeranthera tanacetifolia 0–5 – whitestem blazingstar MEAL6 Mentzelia albicaulis 0–5 – American wild carrot DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 0–5 – jimsonweed DAST Datura stramonium 0–5 – sacred thorn-apple DAWR2 Datura wrightii 0–5 – miniature woollystar ERDI2 Eriastrum diffusum 0–5 – sorrel buckwheat ERPO4 Eriogonum polycladon 0–5 – hoary bowlesia BOIN3 Bowlesia incana 0–5 – southwestern pricklypoppy ARPL3 Argemone pleiacantha 0–5 – milkvetch ASTRA Astragalus 0–5 – golden crownbeard VEEN Verbesina encelioides 0–5 – rough cocklebur XAST Xanthium strumarium 0–5 – chia SACO6 Salvia columbariae 0–5 – sawtooth sage SASU7 Salvia subincisa 0–5 – spreading fanpetals SIAB Sida abutifolia 0–5 – sleepy silene SIAN2 Silene antirrhina 0–3 – New Mexico plumeseed RANE Rafinesquia neomexicana 0–3 – Goodding's bladderpod LEGO2 Lesquerella gooddingii 0–2 – star gilia GIST Gilia stellata 0–2 – fringed redmaids CACI2 Calandrinia ciliata 0–2 – Texas stork's bill ERTE13 Erodium texanum 0–2 – woolly tidestromia TILA2 Tidestromia lanuginosa 0–2 – green carpetweed MOVE Mollugo verticillata 0–2 – Shrub/Vine6 Miscellaneous shrubs 1–50 catclaw acacia ACGR Acacia greggii 0–10 – fourwing saltbush ATCA2 Atriplex canescens 0–10 – pale desert-thorn LYPA Lycium pallidum 0–5 – catclaw mimosa MIACB Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera 0–5 – soaptree yucca YUEL Yucca elata 0–5 – Drummond's clematis CLDR Clematis drummondii 0–5 – fringed twinevine FUCYC Funastrum cynanchoides ssp. cynanchoides 0–5 – broom snakeweed GUSA2 Gutierrezia sarothrae 0–2 – whitethorn acacia ACCO2 Acacia constricta 0–2 – lotebush ZIOB Ziziphus obtusifolia 0–2 – desertbroom BASA2 Baccharis sarothroides 0–2 – burroweed ISTE2 Isocoma tenuisecta 0–2 – singlewhorl burrobrush HYMO Hymenoclea monogyra 0–1 – 7 Succulents 0–10 Christmas cactus CYLE8 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 0–2 – walkingstick cactus CYSP8 Cylindropuntia spinosior 0–2 – cactus apple OPEN3 Opuntia engelmannii 0–2 – tulip pricklypear OPPH Opuntia phaeacantha 0–2 – candy barrelcactus FEWI Ferocactus wislizeni 0–1 – Tree8 Common trees 200–600 western honey mesquite PRGLT Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana 200–500 – velvet mesquite PRVE Prosopis velutina 0–100 – catclaw acacia ACGR Acacia greggii 0–50 – netleaf hackberry CELAR Celtis laevigata var. reticulata 0–10 – desert willow CHLI2 Chilopsis linearis 0–10 – western soapberry SASAD Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii 0–10 – Table 9. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Big sacaton begins growth in the spring about the first of April. Other perennial grass species on the site usually green up in July or August with the first summer rains. The site produces abundant forage for year-round use by all classes of livestock.
These bottoms are very important habitat for a variety of birds and small mammals. They are important areas for javalina and mule deer as well. Water developments on this site are very important for both livestock and wildlife.Hydrological functions
These small floodplains are important in the hydrologic regime of southeastern Arizona stream systems. Intact floodplains can retain floodwaters for 1 to 2 weeks after major flooding events. Channeled or gullied bottomlands often pass the same flood in 1 or 2 days.
Recreational uses
Hunting, bird-watching, hiking, horseback riding, photography.
Wood products
Mesquite furnishes large quantities of fuel-wood and posts.
Other products
Perennial grass seed
Supporting information
Contributors
Dan Robinett
Larry D. EllicottRangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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