Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R041XA107AZ
Loamy Slopes
16-20" p.z.
Last updated: 4/09/2021
Accessed: 04/19/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Click to explore map
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 041X–Madrean Archipelago
AZ 41.1 – Mexican Oak-Pine Forest and Oak Savannah
Elevations range from 4500 to 10,700 feet and precipitation ranges from 16 to 30 inches. Vegetation includes Emory oak, Mexican blue oak, Arizona white oak, one-seed juniper, alligator juniper, sacahuista, California bricklebush, skunkbush sumac, Arizona rosewood, wait-a-bit mimosa, sideoats grama, blue grama, purple grama, wooly bunchgrass, plains lovegrass, squirreltail, and pinyon ricegrass. The soil temperature regime ranges from thermic to mesic and the soil moisture regime ranges from aridic ustic to typic ustic. This unit occurs within the Basin and Range Physiographic Province and is characterized by numerous mountain ranges that rise abruptly from broad, plain-like valleys and basins. Igneous and metamorphic rock classes dominate the mountain ranges and sediments filling the basins represent combinations of fluvial, lacustrine, colluvial and alluvial deposits.Associated sites
R041XA104AZ Limy Slopes 16-20" p.z.
R041XA108AZ Loamy Upland 16-20" p.z.
R041XA114AZ Loamy Bottom 16-20" p.z.
R041XA115AZ Loamy Swale 16-20" p.z.
Similar sites
F041XA124AZ Loamy Hills 20-23" p.z. (QUAR, QUEM)
R041XC314AZ Loamy Slopes 12-16" p.z.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub (1) agave palmeri
(2) nolina microcarpaHerbaceous (1) bouteloua curtipendula
(2) eragrostis intermediaPhysiographic features
This site occurs in the middle elevations of the Madrean Basin and Range province in southeastern Arizona. It occurs on hillslopes, ridges and saddles. Slope aspect is site differentiating at elevations near common resource area boundaries.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Hill
(2) Ridge
(3) Saddle
Flooding frequency None Elevation 4500 – 5500 ft Slope 15 – 45 % Aspect N, E, S Climatic features
Precipitation in this zone of the common resource area ranges from 16-20 inches per year with elevations from 4700-5500 feet. Approximately 40% of this moisture comes as gentle rain or snow during the winter-spring (Oct-Apr) season; originates in the north Pacific and Gulf of California and comes as frontal storms with long duration and low intensity. The remaining 60% falls in the summer season (May-Sep); originates in the Gulf of Mexico and are convective, usually brief, intense thunderstorms. Snow is common Dec-Mar, averaging 5-15 inches per year, but rarely lasts more than a week. May and June are the driest months. Humidity is low.
Temperatures are mild. Freezing temperatures are common at night from Oct-May, but daytime temperatures are almost always over 40 F. Below 0 F temperatures can occur Dec-Feb. Daytime summer highs rarely exceed 95 F.
Species like plains lovegrass, beargrass, false mesquite and shrubby buckwheat begin growth in late March to April. Warm season grasses begin growth in July or August with receipt of the first summer rains.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 200 days Freeze-free period (average) Precipitation total (average) 20 in BarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
There are no water features associated with this site.
Soil features
These are deep soils which have formed in loamy alluvium of mixed origin. Surface textures range from cobbly sandy loam to very gravelly loam. Very gravelly surface horizons are usually several inches thick. Soils have well-developed covers of rocks, cobbles and gravels. Surface soil is dark colored. Clayey subsoils occur at shallow depths. Some soils have calcic horizons at moderate depths. Plant-soil moisture relationships are good.
Soils mapped on this site include: SSA-666 Cochise county Northwestern part MU's 5 Blacktail, 22 Cherrycow; SSA-667 Santa Cruz and parts of Cochise & Pima counties MU's CdE Canelo GrVSL, CmE Casto GrVSL; SSA-671 Cochise county Douglas-Tombstone part MU's 27 Blacktail & Cherrycow, 41 Brunopeak, 140 Terrarossa, 141 Blacktail.Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Cobbly sandy loam
(2) Very gravelly loam
(3) Gravelly loam
Family particle size (1) Clayey
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderately slow to slow Soil depth 60 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 10 – 45 % Surface fragment cover >3" 1 – 10 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)4.8 – 9.6 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)0 – 25 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 2 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 2 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)6.1 – 7.8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)5 – 45 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 5 % Ecological dynamics
The plant communities found on an ecological site are naturally variable. Composition and production will vary with yearly conditions, location, aspect, and the natural variability of the soils. The historic climax plant community represents the natural potential plant communities found on relict or relatively undisturbed sites. Other plant communities described here represent plant communities that are known to occur when the site is disturbed by factors like fire, grazing, or drought.
Production data provided in this site description is standardized to air dry weight at the end of the summer growing season. The plant communities described in this site description are based on near-normal rainfall years.
NRCS uses a Similarity Index to compare existing plant communities to the plant communities listed here. Similarity Index is determined by comparing the production and composition of a plant community to the production and composition of a plant community described in the site description. To determine Similarity Index, compare the production (air dry weight) of each species to that shown in the plant community description. For each species, and for each group, count no more than the maximum amount shown for that group. Divide the resulting total by the total normal year production shown in the plant community description. If the rainfall has been significantly above or below normal, use the total production shown for above or below normal years. If field data is not collected at the end of the summer growing season, then the field data must be corrected to the end of the year production before comparing it to the site description. The growth curve can be used as a guide for estimating production at the end of the summer growing season.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 4. Loamy Slopes 41-1 STM diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textState 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference StateCommunity 1.1
Grassland/Savannah (HCPC)
Figure 5. Loamy Slopes 16-20" pz. Agave Palmeri
The historic native state includes the plant communities that occur on the site, including the historic climax plant community. This state includes other plant communities that naturally occupy the site following fire, drought, flooding, herbivores, and other natural disturbances. The historic climax plant community represents the natural climax community that eventually re-occupies the site with proper management.
The potential plant community on this site is dominated by warm season perennial mid-grasses. The major grass species are well dispersed throughout the plant community. Stands of Palmer agave occur in dense patches and are not well dispersed through areas of the site. Several species of low shrubs, cacti and other succulents, and forbs are well represented in this plant community. The aspect is open grassland to savannah. North slopes will often have an open canopy of oaks and / or juniper. South slopes will be agave dotted grassland.
Mesquite and Lehmann lovegrass are at the upper limits of their elevation range, but can increase on the site, especially below 5000 feet elevation and on southern exposures. Climatic warming may allow these two species to push higher in elevation as time goes by. Naturally occurring fires in June-August were an important factor in shaping this plant community. Fire-free intervals range from 10-20 years. Periodic drought can occur in this LRA and cause significant grass mortality. Droughts in the early 30s, mid 50s, 1975-1976, 88-89, 95-96 and 2002 resulted in the loss of much of the grass cover on this site.
This site is the principal habitat for the Agave palmeri in southeastern Arizona, an important food source for the endangered lesser long-nosed bat in June, July, and August. Dense stands of this species occur scattered throughout areas of this site. Nectar production in these stands ranges from 6-10 gallons per acre.Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 740 1400 1940 Forb 11 60 250 Shrub/Vine 12 50 110 Tree 0 10 50 Total 763 1520 2350 Table 6. Soil surface cover
Tree basal cover 0-0% Shrub/vine/liana basal cover 0-0% Grass/grasslike basal cover 10-20% Forb basal cover 0-0% Non-vascular plants 0-0% Biological crusts 0-10% Litter 20-50% Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" 20-50% Surface fragments >3" 0-10% Bedrock 0% Water 0% Bare ground 20-40% Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
Height Above Ground (ft) Tree Shrub/Vine Grass/
GrasslikeForb <0.5 – 1-5% 5-10% 1-10% >0.5 <= 1 – 1-5% 10-20% 1-10% >1 <= 2 – 1-10% 15-30% 1-20% >2 <= 4.5 – 1-10% 5-15% 0-2% >4.5 <= 13 0-5% – 0-5% – >13 <= 40 0-5% – – – >40 <= 80 – – – – >80 <= 120 – – – – >120 – – – – Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ4111 , 41.1 16-30. Growth begins in the spring, semi-dormancy occurs during the June drought, most growth occurs during the summer rainy season..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 0 5 10 0 15 45 20 5 0 0 Community 1.2
Annual ForbsLive perennial mid-grass and short-grass basal cover both decrease by more than half compared to the Grassland/Savannah Community. Forbs like annual goldeneye, cudweed and camphorweed dominate the plant community.
Community 1.3
Short GrassesMid-grasses are largely absent from the plant community and replaced by short grasses such as curly mesquite, slender grama and sprucetop grama. The absence of mid-grasses reduces fire fuel load resulting in increased half-shrub and succulent shrubs.
Pathway 1.1a
Community 1.1 to 1.2Extended periods with no disturbance (fire or grazing) allow the build-up of perennial grass biomass and results in plant decadence. Periodic drought also causes significant grass mortality. Droughts in the early 30s, mid 50s, 1975-1976, 88-89, 95-96 and 2002 resulted in the loss of much of the grass cover on this site.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Fence Livestock Pipeline Range Planting Watering Facility Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Prescribed Grazing Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Pathway 1.1b
Community 1.1 to 1.3Continuous unmanaged grazing with heavy to severe utilization impacts perennial mid-grass and affects natural fire cycles.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Fence Livestock Pipeline Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Native Plant Community Restoration and Management Prescribed Grazing Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Pathway 1.2a
Community 1.2 to 1.1The site recovers rapidly due to excellent covers of stone, cobbles and gravel and the favorable climate that prevails in this common resource area.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Fence Livestock Pipeline Watering Facility Water Well Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Prescribed Grazing Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Pathway 1.3a
Community 1.3 to 1.1With managed grazing, native mid-grasses will be able to regain their dominance in the plant community, unless soil erosion is severe enough to strip away the surface horizon.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Fence Livestock Pipeline Pumping Plant Watering Facility Water Well Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Prescribed Grazing Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied State 2
Exotic grassesCommunity 2.1
Exotic grasses
Figure 8. Loamy Slopes 16-20" pz. Lehmann lovegrass
This state occurs where non-native lovegrass species or yellow bluestem, have invaded from adjacent areas or roads and right-of-ways with a seed source. As these species increase to dominate the plant community, native perennial grasses and forbs decrease to remnant amounts. Fire will usually act to increase species like Lehmann lovegrass. The native half shrubs seem to be able to stay in the plant community. It is not known how Agave palmeri fares under this condition.
State 3
Shrub invadedCommunity 3.1
Shrub invaded
Figure 9. Loamy Slopes 16-20" pz. juniper invaded
This state occurs where mesquite, wait a bit mimosa, one-seed juniper and / or alligator juniper have invaded or increased to dominate the plant community. This occurs in the absence of fire for long periods of time, with continuous grazing and in the presence of a seed source of these species. As canopy levels of trees and shrubs approach 30%, sheet and rill erosion can begin to accelerate.
State 4
Eroded surfaceCommunity 4.1
Eroded surface
Figure 10. Loamy Slopes 16-20" pz. trailed and eroded
This state occurs where severe soil compaction and trailing has resulted in loss of plant cover and an increase in runoff. Sheet and rill erosion accelerates and the surface (A) horizon is removed faster than it can be replaced by down-slope soil movement and weathering of the ridgetops. When the subsurface argillic (clayey) horizons are exposed, the site has lost its potential productivity. The plant community will shift from warm season plants to cool season plants and the ratio of runoff to infiltration will increase.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Non-native bunchgrass seed is purposely or inadvertently introduced into the plant community (wind-blown or mechanical transport). Disturbances such as fire or drought can disrupt the native perennials allowing the non-native grasses an opportunity to expand their range from disturbed or planted areas. Long term events such as continuous unmanaged grazing or community phase pathway 1.1a (shift to the Annual Forbs community phase 1.2) allow non-native bunchgrasses a competitive advantage over natives.
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Continuous unmanaged grazing with heavy to severe utilization results in persistently low perennial grass cover and extended fire free periods. Shrubs increase in size and number. Remnant native perennial grasses cannot re-colonize areas with shrub competition.
Transition T1C
State 1 to 4Long-term, continuous, unmanaged grazing with heavy to severe utilization affects soil site stability and hydrologic functioning. Animal trailing and soil surface compaction compound the effect of plant community changes (increased shrub/decreased perennial grass community) to increase surface water run-off rather than infiltration. Drought conditions accelerate this transition.
Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1No restoration pathway known at this time. Perhaps future development of herbicide or biological treatment to remove perennial exotics will occur.
Conservation practices
Prescribed Burning Fence Livestock Pipeline Pumping Plant Watering Facility Water Well Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Prescribed Grazing Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Continuous unmanaged grazing with heavy to severe utilization results in persistently low perennial grass cover and extended fire free periods. Shrubs increase in size and number. Remnant native perennial grasses cannot re-colonize areas with shrub competition.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 1Woody species control, native species seeding (as needed) supported by managed grazing. Shrub control maintained with herbicide and/or prescribed burning.
Conservation practices
Brush Management Prescribed Burning Fence Firebreak Livestock Pipeline Pumping Plant Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment Range Planting Watering Facility Water Well Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Restoration and Management of Natural Ecosystems Prescribed Grazing Fuel Break Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Restoration pathway R3B
State 3 to 2Restoration activities conducted when a non-native seed bank is present on site (Lehmann lovegrass or other non-natives present along trails, roads or in disturbed areas) can result in an exotic grassland community. Native species seeding may enhance the native grass component. Restoration practices are woody species control and native species seeding (as needed) supported by managed grazing. Shrub control maintained with herbicide may favor the native grasses while prescribed burning may favor non-natives. Burning the mixed shrub community with a non-native grass seed source present can result in an exotic grassland co-dominant with shrubs.
Conservation practices
Brush Management Prescribed Burning Fence Firebreak Grade Stabilization Structure Livestock Pipeline Pumping Plant Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment Range Planting Watering Facility Water Well Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Prescribed Grazing Fuel Break Fish and Wildlife Structure Grazing Management Plan - Written Grazing Management Plan - Applied Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Written Fish and Wildlife Habitat Plan - Applied Transition T3A
State 3 to 4Continuous unmanaged grazing with heavy to severe utilization resulting in persistently low perennial grass cover, extended fire free periods, and adverse soil changes (loss of A horizon organic matter, compaction, and accelerated erosion.)
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Dominant mid-grasses 700–1500 sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 400–700 – plains lovegrass ERIN Eragrostis intermedia 200–700 – Texas bluestem SCCI2 Schizachyrium cirratum 0–200 – spiked crinkleawn TRSP12 Trachypogon spicatus 0–200 – green sprangletop LEDU Leptochloa dubia 20–200 – bullgrass MUEM Muhlenbergia emersleyi 0–200 – Orcutt's threeawn ARSCO Aristida schiedeana var. orcuttiana 10–200 – cane bluestem BOBA3 Bothriochloa barbinodis 50–200 – purple muhly MURI3 Muhlenbergia rigida 0–100 – tanglehead HECO10 Heteropogon contortus 20–100 – Arizona cottontop DICA8 Digitaria californica 0–50 – woolyspike balsamscale ELBA Elionurus barbiculmis 0–50 – 2 Dominant short grasses 10–300 hairy grama BOHI2 Bouteloua hirsuta 1–100 – curly-mesquite HIBE Hilaria belangeri 5–50 – sprucetop grama BOCH Bouteloua chondrosioides 0–50 – black grama BOER4 Bouteloua eriopoda 0–50 – blue grama BOGR2 Bouteloua gracilis 0–50 – purple grama BORA Bouteloua radicosa 0–45 – slender grama BORE2 Bouteloua repens 0–25 – fall witchgrass DICO6 Digitaria cognata 1–25 – common wolfstail LYPH Lycurus phleoides 0–25 – Hall's panicgrass PAHA Panicum hallii 0–25 – 3 Cool season grasses 2–50 prairie acacia ACAN Acacia angustissima 20–60 – yerba de pasmo BAPT Baccharis pteronioides 20–60 – fairyduster CAER Calliandra eriophylla 20–60 – Cooley's bundleflower DECO2 Desmanthus cooleyi 20–60 – bastardsage ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 20–60 – littleleaf ratany KRER Krameria erecta 20–60 – trailing krameria KRLA Krameria lanceolata 20–60 – velvetpod mimosa MIDY Mimosa dysocarpa 20–60 – squirreltail ELELE Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides 1–50 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–20 – pinyon ricegrass PIFI Piptochaetium fimbriatum 0–20 – sedge CAREX Carex 1–10 – flatsedge CYPER Cyperus 0–5 – densetuft hairsedge BUCA2 Bulbostylis capillaris 0–5 – muttongrass POFE Poa fendleriana 0–2 – 4 Miscellaneous perennial grasses 5–75 spidergrass ARTE3 Aristida ternipes 1–25 – silver bluestem BOSA Bothriochloa saccharoides 0–25 – tobosagrass PLMU3 Pleuraphis mutica 0–20 – little bluestem SCSC Schizachyrium scoparium 0–10 – vine mesquite PAOB Panicum obtusum 0–10 – Fendler threeawn ARPUL Aristida purpurea var. longiseta 0–10 – Wright's threeawn ARPUW Aristida purpurea var. wrightii 0–5 – streambed bristlegrass SELE6 Setaria leucopila 0–5 – bulb panicgrass PABU Panicum bulbosum 0–5 – maidencane PAHE2 Panicum hemitomon 0–5 – sand dropseed SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus 0–2 – big sacaton SPWR2 Sporobolus wrightii 0–2 – Porter's melicgrass MEPO Melica porteri 0–2 – Arizona muhly MUAR3 Muhlenbergia arizonica 0–2 – Rothrock's grama BORO2 Bouteloua rothrockii 0–2 – nineawn pappusgrass ENDE Enneapogon desvauxii 0–1 – poverty threeawn ARDI5 Aristida divaricata 0–1 – Havard's threeawn ARHA3 Aristida havardii 0–1 – bush muhly MUPO2 Muhlenbergia porteri 0–1 – slim tridens TRMU Tridens muticus 0–1 – slim tridens TRMUE Tridens muticus var. elongatus 0–1 – 5 Annual grasses 0–15 Mexican panicgrass PAHI5 Panicum hirticaule 0–5 – sixweeks fescue VUOC Vulpia octoflora 0–5 – tapertip cupgrass ERACA Eriochloa acuminata var. acuminata 0–5 – Arizona signalgrass URAR Urochloa arizonica 0–2 – Eastwood fescue VUMIC Vulpia microstachys var. ciliata 0–2 – Pacific fescue VUMIP Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora 0–2 – witchgrass PACA6 Panicum capillare 0–2 – prairie threeawn AROL Aristida oligantha 0–2 – needle grama BOAR Bouteloua aristidoides 0–1 – sixweeks grama BOBA2 Bouteloua barbata 0–1 – matted grama BOSI2 Bouteloua simplex 0–1 – Arizona brome BRAR4 Bromus arizonicus 0–1 – feather fingergrass CHVI4 Chloris virgata 0–1 – fragilegrass AETE Aegopogon tenellus 0–1 – sixweeks threeawn ARAD Aristida adscensionis 0–1 – prairie false oat TRIN5 Trisetum interruptum 0–1 – Mexican lovegrass ERME Eragrostis mexicana 0–1 – tufted lovegrass ERPEP2 Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 0–1 – pitscale grass HAGR3 Hackelochloa granularis 0–1 – sweet tanglehead HEME Heteropogon melanocarpus 0–1 – little barley HOPU Hordeum pusillum 0–1 – Mexican sprangletop LEFUU Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia 0–1 – mucronate sprangeltop LEPAB Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata 0–1 – delicate muhly MUFR Muhlenbergia fragilis 0–1 – littleseed muhly MUMI Muhlenbergia microsperma 0–1 – Forb6 Perennial forbs 10–50 white sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana 1–10 – Cooley's bundleflower DECO2 Desmanthus cooleyi 1–10 – bluedicks DICA14 Dichelostemma capitatum 1–10 – orange fameflower PHAU13 Phemeranthus aurantiacus 0–10 – wild dwarf morning-glory EVAR Evolvulus arizonicus 0–5 – spreading snakeherb DYSCD Dyschoriste schiedeana var. decumbens 0–5 – trailing fleabane ERFL Erigeron flagellaris 1–5 – Texas snoutbean RHSET Rhynchosia senna var. texana 1–5 – rose heath CHER2 Chaetopappa ericoides 0–5 – leatherweed CRPO5 Croton pottsii 0–5 – Gregg's prairie clover DAGR2 Dalea greggii 0–5 – bastard toadflax COUM Comandra umbellata 0–2 – dwarf stickpea CAHUR Calliandra humilis var. reticulata 1–2 – largeflower onion ALMA4 Allium macropetalum 0–2 – weakleaf bur ragweed AMCO3 Ambrosia confertiflora 1–2 – tuber anemone ANTU Anemone tuberosa 0–2 – shrubby purslane POSU3 Portulaca suffrutescens 0–2 – Missouri goldenrod SOMI2 Solidago missouriensis 0–2 – brownplume wirelettuce STPA4 Stephanomeria pauciflora 0–2 – Rocky Mountain zinnia ZIGR Zinnia grandiflora 0–2 – Wright's deervetch LOWR Lotus wrightii 0–2 – New Mexico fleabane ERNE3 Erigeron neomexicanus 0–2 – spreading fleabane ERDI4 Erigeron divergens 0–2 – silver dwarf morning-glory EVSE Evolvulus sericeus 0–2 – small matweed GUDE Guilleminea densa 0–2 – lacy tansyaster MAPI Machaeranthera pinnatifida 0–2 – tufted evening primrose OECA10 Oenothera caespitosa 0–2 – radishroot woodsorrel OXAL Oxalis albicans 0–1 – Drummond's woodsorrel OXDR Oxalis drummondii 0–1 – locoweed OXYTR Oxytropis 0–1 – beardlip penstemon PEBA2 Penstemon barbatus 0–1 – Cochise beardtongue PEDA Penstemon dasyphyllus 0–1 – longstalk chinchweed PELO Pectis longipes 0–1 – Parry's beardtongue PEPA24 Penstemon parryi 0–1 – slimleaf bean PHAN3 Phaseolus angustissimus 0–1 – Mexican star MIBI2 Milla biflora 0–1 – lemon beebalm MOCIA Monarda citriodora ssp. austromontana 0–1 – variableleaf bushbean MAGI2 Macroptilium gibbosifolium 0–1 – ivyleaf groundcherry PHHE4 Physalis hederifolia 0–1 – white milkwort POAL4 Polygala alba 0–1 – velvetseed milkwort POOB Polygala obscura 0–1 – Indian rushpea HOGL2 Hoffmannseggia glauca 0–1 – red bluet HORU Houstonia rubra 0–1 – babyslippers HYVE Hybanthus verticillatus 0–1 – ragged nettlespurge JAMA Jatropha macrorhiza 0–1 – San Pedro daisy LAPO4 Lasianthaea podocephala 0–1 – Fendler's bladderpod LEFE Lesquerella fendleri 0–1 – narrowleaf stoneseed LIIN2 Lithospermum incisum 0–1 – Lewis flax LILE3 Linum lewisii 0–1 – Greene's bird's-foot trefoil LOGR4 Lotus greenei 0–1 – Arizona snakecotton FRAR2 Froelichia arizonica 0–1 – scarlet beeblossom GACO5 Gaura coccinea 0–1 – pearly globe amaranth GONI Gomphrena nitida 0–1 – shaggy dwarf morning-glory EVNU Evolvulus nuttallianus 0–1 – Mexican fireplant EUHE4 Euphorbia heterophylla 0–1 – sun spurge EURA2 Euphorbia radians 0–1 – Torrey's craglily ECFL Echeandia flavescens 0–1 – James' prairie clover DAJA Dalea jamesii 0–1 – dwarf prairie clover DANA Dalea nana 0–1 – downy prairie clover DANE Dalea neomexicana 0–1 – jewels of Opar TAPA2 Talinum paniculatum 0–1 – Coulter's wrinklefruit TECO Tetraclea coulteri 0–1 – hairy fournwort TENE Tetramerium nervosum 0–1 – longstalk greenthread THLO Thelesperma longipes 0–1 – Hopi tea greenthread THME Thelesperma megapotamicum 0–1 – pinewoods spiderwort TRPI Tradescantia pinetorum 0–1 – branched noseburn TRRA5 Tragia ramosa 0–1 – Fort Huachuca vervain VEGR2 Verbena gracilis 0–1 – American vetch VIAM Vicia americana 0–1 – Louisiana vetch VILUL2 Vicia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana 0–1 – copper zephyrlily ZELO Zephyranthes longifolia 0–1 – copper globemallow SPAN3 Sphaeralcea angustifolia 0–1 – gooseberryleaf globemallow SPGR2 Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia 0–1 – slimflower scurfpea PSTE5 Psoralidium tenuiflorum 0–1 – buffpetal RHPH2 Rhynchosida physocalyx 0–1 – slimleaf plainsmustard SCLI12 Schoenocrambe linearifolia 0–1 – twinleaf senna SEBA3 Senna bauhinioides 0–1 – Lemmon's ragwort SELE8 Senecio lemmonii 0–1 – New Mexico fanpetals SINE Sida neomexicana 0–1 – silverleaf nightshade SOEL Solanum elaeagnifolium 0–1 – perennial rockcress ARPE2 Arabis perennans 0–1 – Watson's dutchman's pipe ARWA Aristolochia watsonii 0–1 – Arizona milkvetch ASAR6 Astragalus arizonicus 0–1 – spider milkweed ASAS Asclepias asperula 0–1 – Cochise scaly cloakfern ASCO42 Astrolepis cochisensis 0–1 – chaparral asphead ASHI3 Aspicarpa hirtella 0–1 – broadleaf milkweed ASLA4 Asclepias latifolia 0–1 – woolly locoweed ASMOB Astragalus mollissimus var. bigelovii 0–1 – sheep milkvetch ASNO3 Astragalus nothoxys 0–1 – horsetail milkweed ASSU2 Asclepias subverticillata 0–1 – dense ayenia AYMI Ayenia microphylla 0–1 – hairyseed bahia BAAB Bahia absinthifolia 0–1 – lyreleaf greeneyes BELY Berlandiera lyrata 0–1 – scarlet spiderling BOCO Boerhavia coccinea 0–1 – copper fern BOHI Bommeria hispida 0–1 – trailing windmills ALIN Allionia incarnata 0–1 – melon loco APUN Apodanthera undulata 0–1 – Mexican yellowshow AMPA3 Amoreuxia palmatifida 0–1 – Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambrosia psilostachya 0–1 – wholeleaf Indian paintbrush CAIN14 Castilleja integra 0–1 – desert mariposa lily CAKE Calochortus kennedyi 0–1 – sego lily CANU3 Calochortus nuttallii 0–1 – Indian paintbrush CASTI2 Castilleja 0–1 – whitemargin sandmat CHAL11 Chamaesyce albomarginata 0–1 – Fendler's lipfern CHFE2 Cheilanthes fendleri 0–1 – fairyswords CHLI Cheilanthes lindheimeri 0–1 – birdbill dayflower CODI4 Commelina dianthifolia 0–1 – Texas bindweed COEQ Convolvulus equitans 0–1 – whitemouth dayflower COER Commelina erecta 0–1 – fingerleaf gourd CUDI Cucurbita digitata 0–1 – coyote gourd CUPA Cucurbita palmata 0–1 – whiteflower prairie clover DAAL Dalea albiflora 0–1 – 7 Annual Forbs 1–200 longleaf false goldeneye HELOA2 Heliomeris longifolia var. annua 1–200 – camphorweed HESU3 Heterotheca subaxillaris 0–50 – Wright's cudweed PSCAC2 Pseudognaphalium canescens ssp. canescens 0–20 – mesa tansyaster MATA Machaeranthera tagetina 0–10 – woolly plantain PLPA2 Plantago patagonica 0–10 – New Mexico thistle CINE Cirsium neomexicanum 0–10 – New Mexico goosefoot CHNE3 Chenopodium neomexicanum 0–10 – sensitive partridge pea CHNI2 Chamaecrista nictitans 0–10 – smallflowered milkvetch ASNU4 Astragalus nuttallianus 0–10 – Thurber's milkvetch ASTH Astragalus thurberi 0–10 – pitseed goosefoot CHBE4 Chenopodium berlandieri 0–10 – carelessweed AMPA Amaranthus palmeri 0–5 – western tansymustard DEPI Descurainia pinnata 0–5 – crestrib morning-glory IPCO2 Ipomoea costellata 0–5 – redstar IPCO3 Ipomoea coccinea 0–5 – ivyleaf morning-glory IPHE Ipomoea hederacea 0–5 – Abert's buckwheat ERAB2 Eriogonum abertianum 0–5 – sorrel buckwheat ERPO4 Eriogonum polycladon 0–5 – tanseyleaf tansyaster MATA2 Machaeranthera tanacetifolia 0–5 – curlytop gumweed GRNUA Grindelia nuda var. aphanactis 0–5 – slender goldenweed MAGR10 Machaeranthera gracilis 0–5 – Arizona poppy KAGR Kallstroemia grandiflora 0–5 – sweet four o'clock MILO2 Mirabilis longiflora 0–5 – intermediate pepperweed LEVIM Lepidium virginicum var. medium 0–2 – sawtooth sage SASU7 Salvia subincisa 0–2 – Thurber's morning-glory IPTH Ipomoea thurberi 0–2 – wedgeleaf draba DRCU Draba cuneifolia 0–2 – scrambled eggs COAU2 Corydalis aurea 0–2 – New Mexico copperleaf ACNE Acalypha neomexicana 0–2 – miner's lettuce CLPEP Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata 0–1 – threadstem sandmat CHRE4 Chamaesyce revoluta 0–1 – thymeleaf sandmat CHSE6 Chamaesyce serpyllifolia 0–1 – slimseed sandmat CHST8 Chamaesyce stictospora 0–1 – cryptantha CRYPT Cryptantha 0–1 – Chihuahuan prairie clover DAEX2 Dalea exigua 0–1 – American wild carrot DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 0–1 – sacred thorn-apple DAWR2 Datura wrightii 0–1 – poorjoe DITE2 Diodia teres 0–1 – El Paso skyrocket IPTH2 Ipomopsis thurberi 0–1 – miniature woollystar ERDI2 Eriastrum diffusum 0–1 – spreading fleabane ERDI4 Erigeron divergens 0–1 – flaxflowered ipomopsis IPLOL Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora 0–1 – California poppy ESCAM Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana 0–1 – Arizona blanketflower GAAR2 Gaillardia arizonica 0–1 – red dome blanketflower GAPI Gaillardia pinnatifida 0–1 – lesser yellowthroat gilia GIFL Gilia flavocincta 0–1 – El Paso gilia GIME Gilia mexicana 0–1 – Dakota mock vervain GLBIB Glandularia bipinnatifida var. bipinnatifida 0–1 – crested anoda ANCR2 Anoda cristata 0–1 – southwestern pricklypoppy ARPL3 Argemone pleiacantha 0–1 – halfmoon milkvetch ASAL6 Astragalus allochrous 0–1 – royal sandmat CHDI5 Chamaesyce dioica 0–1 – pillpod sandmat CHHI3 Chamaesyce hirta 0–1 – hyssopleaf sandmat CHHY3 Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 0–1 – wheelscale saltbush ATEL Atriplex elegans 0–1 – fewflower beggarticks BILE Bidens leptocephala 0–1 – Coulter's spiderling BOCO2 Boerhavia coulteri 0–1 – erect spiderling BOER Boerhavia erecta 0–1 – hoary bowlesia BOIN3 Bowlesia incana 0–1 – purple spiderling BOPU Boerhavia purpurascens 0–1 – fringed redmaids CACI2 Calandrinia ciliata 0–1 – spreading fanpetals SIAB Sida abutifolia 0–1 – sleepy silene SIAN2 Silene antirrhina 0–1 – streptanthella STREP Streptanthella 0–1 – golden crownbeard VEEN Verbesina encelioides 0–1 – Abert's creeping zinnia SAAB Sanvitalia abertii 0–1 – whitestem blazingstar MEAL6 Mentzelia albicaulis 0–1 – purslane PORTU Portulaca 0–1 – yerba porosa PORU6 Porophyllum ruderale 0–1 – desert unicorn-plant PRAL4 Proboscidea althaeifolia 0–1 – doubleclaw PRPA2 Proboscidea parviflora 0–1 – plains flax LIPU4 Linum puberulum 0–1 – foothill deervetch LOHU2 Lotus humistratus 0–1 – coastal bird's-foot trefoil LOSAB Lotus salsuginosus var. brevivexillus 0–1 – shortstem lupine LUBR2 Lupinus brevicaulis 0–1 – bajada lupine LUCOC Lupinus concinnus ssp. concinnus 0–1 – Fendler's desertdandelion MAFE Malacothrix fendleri 0–1 – warty caltrop KAPA Kallstroemia parviflora 0–1 – Coulter's horseweed LACO13 Laennecia coulteri 0–1 – Gordon's bladderpod LEGO Lesquerella gordonii 0–1 – broadleaved pepperweed LELA2 Lepidium latifolium 0–1 – green carpetweed MOVE Mollugo verticillata 0–1 – desert evening primrose OEPR Oenothera primiveris 0–1 – purplewhite owl's-clover ORPU2 Orthocarpus purpureoalbus 0–1 – Arizona phacelia PHAR13 Phacelia arizonica 0–1 – Mangas Spring phacelia PHBO4 Phacelia bombycina 0–1 – Arizona popcornflower PLAR Plagiobothrys arizonicus 0–1 – Shrub/Vine8 Dominant half shrubs 10–50 fairyduster CAER Calliandra eriophylla 5–20 – cliff goldenbush ERCUS Ericameria cuneata var. spathulata 0–10 – bastardsage ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 1–10 – prairie acacia ACAN Acacia angustissima 1–10 – yerba de pasmo BAPT Baccharis pteronioides 1–10 – littleleaf ratany KRER Krameria erecta 0–5 – trailing krameria KRLA Krameria lanceolata 0–5 – 9 Succulents 2–50 Palmer's century plant AGPA3 Agave palmeri 1–40 – sacahuista NOMI Nolina microcarpa 1–30 – common sotol DAWH2 Dasylirion wheeleri 0–2 – scarlet hedgehog cactus ECCOC Echinocereus coccineus var. coccineus 0–1 – pinkflower hedgehog cactus ECFEF3 Echinocereus fendleri ssp. fendleri 0–1 – white fishhook cactus ECIN2 Echinomastus intertextus 0–1 – rainbow cactus ECPE Echinocereus pectinatus 0–1 – kingcup cactus ECTR Echinocereus triglochidiatus 0–1 – spinystar ESVI2 Escobaria vivipara 0–1 – Graham's nipple cactus MAGR9 Mammillaria grahamii 0–1 – Macdougal's nipple cactus MAHEM Mammillaria heyderi var. macdougalii 0–1 – Parry's agave AGPA4 Agave parryi 0–1 – Parry's agave AGPAP5 Agave parryi ssp. parryi 0–1 – Santa Cruz beehive cactus CORE3 Coryphantha recurvata 0–1 – walkingstick cactus CYSP8 Cylindropuntia spinosior 0–1 – cactus apple OPEN3 Opuntia engelmannii 0–1 – tulip pricklypear OPPH Opuntia phaeacantha 0–1 – banana yucca YUBA Yucca baccata 0–1 – soaptree yucca YUEL Yucca elata 0–1 – Schott's yucca YUSC Yucca ×schottii 0–1 – 10 Miscellaneous shrubs 0–10 Sonoran scrub oak QUTU2 Quercus turbinella 0–2 – California brickellbush BRCA3 Brickellia californica 0–2 – false boneset BREU Brickellia eupatorioides 0–1 – littleleaf sumac RHMI3 Rhus microphylla 0–1 – skunkbush sumac RHTR Rhus trilobata 0–1 – evergreen sumac RHVIC Rhus virens var. choriophylla 0–1 – heartleaf goldeneye VICO Viguiera cordifolia 0–1 – longleaf jointfir EPTR Ephedra trifurca 0–1 – broom snakeweed GUSA2 Gutierrezia sarothrae 0–1 – catclaw mimosa MIACB Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera 0–1 – velvetpod mimosa MIDY Mimosa dysocarpa 0–1 – Graham's mimosa MIGR2 Mimosa grahamii 0–1 – catclaw acacia ACGR Acacia greggii 0–1 – milfoil wattle ACMI Acacia millefolia 0–1 – Wright's beebrush ALWR Aloysia wrightii 0–1 – Thurber's desert honeysuckle ANTH2 Anisacanthus thurberi 0–1 – Pringle manzanita ARPR Arctostaphylos pringlei 0–1 – pointleaf manzanita ARPU5 Arctostaphylos pungens 0–1 – Tree11 Trees 0–50 Arizona white oak QUAR Quercus arizonica 0–25 – Emory oak QUEM Quercus emoryi 0–25 – Mexican blue oak QUOB Quercus oblongifolia 0–20 – Abert's buckwheat ERAB2 Eriogonum abertianum 2–8 – hoary tansyaster MACA2 Machaeranthera canescens 2–8 – alligator juniper JUDE2 Juniperus deppeana 0–5 – oneseed juniper JUMO Juniperus monosperma 0–5 – Table 9. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
The plant community on this site is suitable for grazing by all classes of livestock at any season. The plant community provides adequate nutrition throughout the year. Steep slopes and very gravelly and/or cobbly surfaces limit livestock grazing distribution on this site. Large areas of this site should be fenced separately from the uplands and bottom sites it is associated with to effectively manage the forage resource it has. The presence of cool season grass species and plains lovegrass cause livestock to forage widely in the early spring on this site making this the best season to effectively use the site. Annual goldeneye can cause poisoning problems in the fall after unusually wet winter-spring seasons.
This site is a primary habitat for pronghorn antelope in southeastern Arizona. It is also habitat for mule and whitetail deer having enough topography and/or tree and shrub cover to maintain both deer species in residence. The potential plant community is rich in both grass and forb species making the site home to a great variety of insect, bird, small mammal and reptile species. The lesser long-nosed bat uses the abundant nectar in the flowers of the Agave Plameri as it flowers throughout June, July, and August. Natural water is lacking on the site and water developments are very important to large mammals and many species of birds and small mammals on the site.Hydrological functions
With steep slopes and heavy textured soils this site is a good producer of runoff.
Recreational uses
Hunting, hiking, horseback riding, photography, camping, picnicking, bird watching.
Wood products
Limited oak and juniper on north exposures. Mesquite may be present and furnish fuel-wood for campfires.
Other products
Agave for tequila or mescal, beargrass for fibers, medicinal plants like yerba de pasmo.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Range 417s include 3 in excellent condition, 4 in good condition and 1 in fair condition.
Type locality
Location 1: Cochise County, AZ Township/Range/Section T21S R19E S30 General legal description SE 1/4 of section - Ft. Huachuca- West Range Location 2: Cochise County, AZ Township/Range/Section T22S R20E S8 General legal description NW 1/4 section - Ft. Huachuca - South Range Location 3: Pima County, AZ Township/Range/Section T19S R17E S36 General legal description Tucson - Empire Ranch, Hilton Pasture at KA #11 and 12. Location 4: Cochise County, AZ Township/Range/Section T13S R22E S18 General legal description NW 1/4 - Willcox - Warbonnet Ranch Location 5: Santa Cruz County, AZ Township/Range/Section T21S R18E S17 General legal description Audubon Research Ranch Contributors
Larry D. Ellicott`
Unknown
Dan RobinettApproval
Curtis Talbot, 4/09/2021
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Wilma Renken, Dan Robinett, Larry Humphrey, Scott Stratton, Linda Kennedy Contact for lead author USDA-NRCS Tucson MLRA Soil Survey Office Date 05/01/2014 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
North and South aspects: No rills. Note: When evaluating range health on this ecological site, aspect and slope affect expected reference conditions and should be factored into evaluation. Reference conditions described here are from north- and south-facing aspects with 20% slope, 11 years post-burn (Ryan Fire). -
Presence of water flow patterns:
North aspect: very short, indistinguishable among high cobble/gravel/vegetation cover. South aspect: common, short (<5') and discontinuous. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
North aspect: pedestals <1" in height occassionally observed on short-grasses; terracettes common, 3-5 ft apart with 1" elevation difference. South aspect: pedestals 1/2"-1" in height common on perennial grasses; terracettes common, 1-2 ft apart with 1"-2" elevation difference. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
North aspect: 3-6% bare ground evenly distributed among gravel/rock cover; non-vegetated areas are scarce. After fire, 25-30% bare ground is observed. South aspect: 7-8% bare ground evenly distributed among gravel/rock cover; small non-vegetated areas <1 ft in diam. occasionally observed. After fire, 25-30% bare ground is observed. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
North and South aspects: None -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
North and South aspects: None -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
North and South aspects: Fine litter moving less than 1 foot, course litter stays in place. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
North and South aspects: No difference between canopy-protected and unprotected soil slake values. All values rated as 5's and 6's. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
North and South aspects: Soil surface horizon 0-3" depth, gravelly sandy loam, granular structure. Color 7.5 YR 3/3 moist. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
North aspect: Perennial grasses are well-dispersed across site with basal cover 15-20%. Foliar cover is 50-70% perennial grasses and 5-10% low shrubs. South aspect: Perennial mid-grasses occur within an evenly dispersed short-grass community. Basal cover of perennial grasses is >10%. Foliar cover is 50-70% within mid-grass patches and 30-50% within short-grasses. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
North and South aspects: No compaction. Clay horizon at 5" depth may be mistaken for compaction. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
North aspect: Warm season mid-grasses; South aspect: Warm season mid-grasses > short-grassesSub-dominant:
North aspect: short-grasses > low shrubs > perennial forbs > trees; South aspect: low shrubs > perennial forbsOther:
succulentsAdditional:
Annual forbs and annual grasses fluctuate with precipitation and can flourish after fire or drought. -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
North and South aspects: Perennial grass decadence increases with time since last fire. Current observation (11 years post-burning), both aspects exhibit some perennial grass decadence, little mortality seen overall. Mortality from fire depends upon season and intensity of burn. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
North aspect: 55% litter cover; South aspect: 45% litter cover. Litter cover on the low end of the range is expected immmediately post-burn and increases with favorable weather and time. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
763 lbs/ac. in a below average year; 1520 lbs/ac. in an average year; 2350 lbs/ac. in an above average year. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Lehmann lovegrass, Boer lovegrass, yellow bluestem, velvet mesquite -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Not impaired. Warm season perennial grass seed production highly dependent upon the amount and timing of summer monsoons.
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