Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R040XB229AZ
Sandy Loam Drainage
7"-10" p.z.
Last updated: 10/17/2024
Accessed: 08/13/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 040X–Sonoran Basin and Range
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 40 is the portion of Sonoran Desert that extends from northwest Mexico into southwestern Arizona and southeastern California. This MLRA is hot desert characterized by bimodal precipitation coupled with hot summers and mild winters. These conditions give rise to a rich biological diversity visually dominated by columnar cactus (saguaro) and leguminous trees (palo verde). This unit occurs within the Basin and Range Physiographic Province and is characterized by numerous mountain ranges that rise abruptly from broad, plain-like valleys and basins. Igneous and metamorphic rock classes dominate the mountain ranges, and basin sediments are combinations of fluvial, lacustrine, colluvial and alluvial deposits.
LRU notes
Land Resource Unit (LRU) 40-2, Middle Sonoran Desert, is characterized by desert scrub vegetation on relict fan remnants with a moderate amount of desert pavement. Trees are common in washes, bottoms and hillslopes. Elevations range from 1200 to 2000 feet, and precipitation averages 7 to 10 inches per year. Vegetation includes saguaro, palo verde, creosotebush, triangle bursage, brittlebush, prickly pear, cholla, desert saltbush, wolfberry bush muhly, threeawns, and big galleta. The soil temperature regime is hyperthermic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic.
Classification relationships
USDA-NRCS Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin: Western Range and Irrigated Region D Major Land Resource Area 40 - Sonoran Basin and Range Land Resource Unit 2 - Middle Sonoran Desert Ecological Site Sandy Loam Drainage, 7"-10" p.z.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecological Regions of North America: Level I, Region 10 North American Deserts Level II, 10.2 Warm Deserts Level III, Ecoregion 81, Sonoran Basin and Range Level IV, 81l, 81n, 81o
USDA-USFS Ecological Subregions: Sections of the Conterminous United States Section 322 American Semidesert and Desert Province Section 322B, Sonoran DesertEcological site concept
Sandy Loam Drainage, 7”-10” p.z., is a bottom position ecological site threading throughout Limy Upland, Deep, 7"-10" p.z., and Desert Pavement, 7"-10" p.z., ecological sites. Terrain is flat to very gently sloping, and active water flow paths are less than 4' wide. Water flows are ephemeral, but run-on water from surrounding landscapes support a productive shrubland community. Soil is sandy to sandy loam in texture. Aspect is desert shrubland.
Associated sites
R040XB208AZ Limy Upland, Deep 7"-10" p.z.
surrounding uplands
R040XB230AZ Desert Pavement 7"-10" p.z.
surrounding uplands
R040XB207AZ Limy Fan 7"-10" p.z.
surrounding uplands
Similar sites
R040XC330AZ Sandy Loam Drainage 3"-7" p.z.
Elevations 300' - 1,200'
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree (1) Parkinsonia microphylla
(2) Olneya tesotaShrub (1) Ambrosia dumosa
(2) Salazaria mexicanaHerbaceous (1) Pleuraphis rigida
Physiographic features
This site occurs on floodplains and alluvial fans and receives extra moisture from overbank flooding or run-on from adjacent sites on a regular basis. Slopes range from 0%–3% and elevations range from 1200 to 2000 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Alluvial fan
(2) Flood plain
Slope 0 – 3 % Climatic features
Annual precipitation ranges from 7 to 10 inches. Annual rainfall is bimodal, with distinct rainy seasons occurring from December to March (winter) and July to September (summer). Rainfall ratios range from 40:60 (winter:summer) in the southern part, and 60:40 in the central and northern parts. Rainfall intensity differs between rainfall seasons. Winter frontal storms develop in the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California, producing widespread, low-intensity and long duration precipitation events. Winter precipitation is the most dependable water source for vegetation, and snowfall is very rare. During summer months, atmospheric activity in the Gulf of Mexico produces convective thunderstorms when crossing over the mountains in the afternoon. These storms travel across the plains and valleys, producing precipitation of short duration, usually less than 30 minutes, but of moderate to heavy intensity. Between these two seasons, little to no effective precipitation can occur for several months at a time. May and June are the driest months, and overall humidity is very low.
Overall, average annual rainfall is variable, but increases in variability from east to west across the region. For long-term precipitation data, the coefficient of variation, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage, increases from 38% at Florence (east) to 46% at Aguila (west).
Winter temperatures are very mild, with very few days having short periods of freezing temperatures. Summertime temperatures are hot to very hot, with many days in June and July exceeding 105°F. The number of frost-free days ranges from 280 in major river valleys with cold air drainage to between 320 and 350 in upland areas.
Spring and the summer growing seasons are equally important for perennial grass, forb and shrub growth. With above average precipitation, cool and warm season annual forbs and grasses can be common in their respective seasons. Perennial forage species can remain green throughout the year with sufficient available moisture.Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 290 days Freeze-free period (average) 340 days Precipitation total (average) 10 in BarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
Soil features
These very young soils develop in gravelly and sandy alluvium of mixed origin. Textures range from sandy loam to very cobbly sand, and coarse loamy textures can occur in subsurface layers. They are deep, excessively well drained, and have very good plant-soil moisture relationships due to the extra water from run-on and flooding events. Soils may or may not be calcareous.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Gravelly loam
(2) Very gravelly loamy sand
(3) Sandy loam
Family particle size (1) Sandy
Drainage class Well drained to excessively drained Permeability class Moderately rapid to very rapid Soil depth 60 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 5 – 45 % Surface fragment cover >3" Not specified Available water capacity
(0-40in)2.4 – 7.2 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)1 – 10 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)Not specified Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)Not specified Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)7.4 – 8.4 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)5 – 45 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)Not specified Ecological dynamics
Sandy Loam Drainage, 7”-10” p.z., supports a highly diverse and productive shrubland with additions of run-on rainfall from adjacent landscapes. The site has three states: State 1 - Gallery Shrubland (Reference); State 2 - Gallery Shrubland with Exotic Annuals; and State 3 - Eroded. i. Transition from Gallery Shrubland to Gallery Shrubland with Exotic Annuals is driven by introducing non-native annual forbs and grasses. Transitions from Gallery Shrubland or Gallery Shrubland with Exotic Annuals to Eroded are driven by long-term, unmanaged livestock grazing. Aspect is gallery shrubland.
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
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More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Gallery Shrubland (Reference)Community 1.1
Mixed Desert Shrub
Figure 3. Sandy Loam Drainage, 7"-10" p.z. photo
The Gallery Shrubland community typically has a diverse mixture of desert trees, shrubs, vines and perennial and annual grasses and forbs. Annual production values and community composition change in relation to the quantity of run-on water present in different sections of the drainage system. In the upper portion of a drainage, with less run-on water contribution, the plant community is open and simple. Toward the end of the drainage, a larger run-off source area contributes more water, which supports a denser and more complex plant community.
Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 34 73 315 Tree 7 80 189 Shrub/Vine 1 24 90 Forb 1 3 5 Total 43 180 599 Table 6. Soil surface cover
Tree basal cover 0-10% Shrub/vine/liana basal cover 0-10% Grass/grasslike basal cover 0-10% Forb basal cover 0-0% Non-vascular plants 0-0% Biological crusts 0-10% Litter 10-30% Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" 10-50% Surface fragments >3" 0-0% Bedrock 0% Water 0% Bare ground 30-60% Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
Height Above Ground (ft) Tree Shrub/Vine Grass/
GrasslikeForb <0.5 – – – – >0.5 <= 1 – – 0-6% – >1 <= 2 – 0-8% 0-4% – >2 <= 4.5 – 0-3% – – >4.5 <= 13 0-7% 0-6% – – >13 <= 40 – – – – >40 <= 80 – – – – >80 <= 120 – – – – >120 – – – – State 2
Gallery Shrubland State w/ Exotic AnnualsCommunity 2.1
Desert Shrub-Forb-Grass w/ Non-Native AnnualsNon-native annual forbs and grasses are present in the understory. The desert shrub, forb and grass community remains relatively intact.
State 3
ErodedCommunity 3.1
Active
The Sandy Loam Drainage site supports a relatively lush plant community in an otherwise relatively sparse resource zone. The lush vegetation attracts and concentrates livestock activity. Long-term, unmanaged grazing reduces plant community diversity. Perennial grass and subshrub cover is deeply reduced, with remnant perennial grasses persisting only within the protective canopy of cactus or shrubs. Soils exhibit active pedestaling. Water flow channels can become entrenched, resulting in increased discharge rates, low infiltration rates, and impaired plant-soil relationships.
Community 3.2
StabilizedWhen grazing pressure is removed the plant community will begin to recover. With continued reduced grazing, remnant perennial grasses may expand into open areas. Flood waters will slow with increased woody litter and rock cover, stabilizing the active flow channel.
Pathway P3.1a
Community 3.1 to 3.2Prescribed grazing, removal of yearlong grazing pressure.
Pathway P3.2a
Community 3.2 to 3.1Yearlong grazing/unmanaged grazing.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Introduction of non-native annual forbs and grasses.
Transition T1B
State 1 to 3Yearlong grazing.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Yearlong grazing.
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Dominant Perennial Grasses 34–315 big galleta PLRI3 Pleuraphis rigida 8–315 – bush muhly MUPO2 Muhlenbergia porteri 0–73 – 2 Perennial Three-awns 0–5 3 Annual Grasses 1–49 sixweeks fescue VUOC Vulpia octoflora 1–9 – Arizona brome BRAR4 Bromus arizonicus 1–9 – sixweeks grama BOBA2 Bouteloua barbata 1–7 – sixweeks threeawn ARAD Aristida adscensionis 1–5 – needle grama BOAR Bouteloua aristidoides 1–5 – mucronate sprangletop LEPA6 Leptochloa panicea 0–1 – Forb4 Perennial Forbs 1–5 brownfoot ACWR5 Acourtia wrightii 0–3 – Parry's beardtongue PEPA24 Penstemon parryi 0–3 – brownplume wirelettuce STPA4 Stephanomeria pauciflora 0–3 – Coulter's lyrepod LYCO4 Lyrocarpa coulteri 0–3 – trailing windmills ALIN Allionia incarnata 0–3 – narrowleaf silverbush ARLA12 Argythamnia lanceolata 0–3 – desert marigold BAMU Baileya multiradiata 0–3 – climbing wartclub BOSC Boerhavia scandens 0–3 – whitemargin sandmat CHAL11 Chamaesyce albomarginata 0–3 – desert trumpet ERIN4 Eriogonum inflatum 0–3 – Parry's false prairie-clover MAPA7 Marina parryi 0–3 – lacy tansyaster MAPIP4 Machaeranthera pinnatifida ssp. pinnatifida var. pinnatifida 0–3 – desert tobacco NIOB Nicotiana obtusifolia 0–3 – desert evening primrose OEPR Oenothera primiveris 0–3 – desert globemallow SPAM2 Sphaeralcea ambigua 0–3 – slender poreleaf POGR5 Porophyllum gracile 0–3 – 5 Annual Forbs 75–150 woolly tidestromia TILA2 Tidestromia lanuginosa 0–1 – coastal bird's-foot trefoil LOSAB Lotus salsuginosus var. brevivexillus 0–1 – devil's spineflower CHRI Chorizanthe rigida 0–1 – brittle spineflower CHBR Chorizanthe brevicornu 0–1 – aridland goosefoot CHDE Chenopodium desiccatum 0–1 – common fiddleneck AMMEI2 Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia 0–1 – bristly nama NAHI Nama hispidum 0–1 – Gila manroot MAGI Marah gilensis 0–1 – blazingstar MENTZ Mentzelia 0–1 – glandular threadplant NEGL Nemacladus glanduliferus 0–1 – lineleaf whitepuff OLLI Oligomeris linifolia 0–1 – Florida pellitory PAFL3 Parietaria floridana 0–1 – combseed PECTO Pectocarya 0–1 – hideseed EUCRY Eucrypta 0–1 – phacelia PHACE Phacelia 0–1 – chia SACO6 Salvia columbariae 0–1 – sleepy silene SIAN2 Silene antirrhina 0–1 – Coulter's globemallow SPCO2 Sphaeralcea coulteri 0–1 – woollyhead neststraw STMI2 Stylocline micropoides 0–1 – spurge EUPHO Euphorbia 0–1 – fringed twinevine FUCY Funastrum cynanchoides 0–1 – hairy desertsunflower GECA2 Geraea canescens 0–1 – gilia GILIA Gilia 0–1 – shaggyfruit pepperweed LELA Lepidium lasiocarpum 0–1 – smallflowered milkvetch ASNU4 Astragalus nuttallianus 0–1 – catnip noseburn TRNE Tragia nepetifolia 0–1 – Arizona poppy KAGR Kallstroemia grandiflora 0–1 – Gordon's bladderpod LEGO Lesquerella gordonii 0–1 – pygmy poppy ESMI Eschscholzia minutiflora 0–1 – weakleaf bur ragweed AMCO3 Ambrosia confertiflora 0–1 – fringed amaranth AMFI Amaranthus fimbriatus 0–1 – Arizona lupine LUAR4 Lupinus arizonicus 0–1 – carelessweed AMPA Amaranthus palmeri 0–1 – bristly fiddleneck AMTE3 Amsinckia tessellata 0–1 – scarlet spiderling BOCO Boerhavia coccinea 0–1 – yellow tackstem CAPA7 Calycoseris parryi 0–1 – hoary bowlesia BOIN3 Bowlesia incana 0–1 – New Mexico thistle CINE Cirsium neomexicanum 0–1 – sand pygmyweed CRCOC Crassula connata var. connata 0–1 – hairy prairie clover DAMO Dalea mollis 0–1 – manybristle chinchweed PEPA2 Pectis papposa 0–1 – desert Indianwheat PLOV Plantago ovata 0–1 – doubleclaw PRPA2 Proboscidea parviflora 0–1 – New Mexico plumeseed RANE Rafinesquia neomexicana 0–1 – white tackstem CAWR Calycoseris wrightii 0–1 – Coulter's spiderling BOCO2 Boerhavia coulteri 0–1 – flax LINUM Linum 0–1 – cryptantha CRYPT Cryptantha 0–1 – fingerleaf gourd CUDI Cucurbita digitata 0–1 – exserted Indian paintbrush CAEXE Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta 0–1 – desert thorn-apple DADI2 Datura discolor 0–1 – pricklyburr DAIN2 Datura inoxia 0–1 – American wild carrot DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 0–1 – western tansymustard DEPI Descurainia pinnata 0–1 – touristplant DIWI2 Dimorphocarpa wislizeni 0–1 – whisperingbells EMPE Emmenanthe penduliflora 0–1 – flatcrown buckwheat ERDE6 Eriogonum deflexum 0–1 – miniature woollystar ERDI2 Eriastrum diffusum 0–1 – erigenia ERIGE Erigenia 0–1 – woolly sunflower ERIOP2 Eriophyllum 0–1 – Texas stork's bill ERTE13 Erodium texanum 0–1 – California poppy ESCAM Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana 0–1 – Coulter's lupine LUSP2 Lupinus sparsiflorus 0–1 – Tree6 Dominant Trees 7–189 desert ironwood OLTE Olneya tesota 24–189 – yellow paloverde PAMI5 Parkinsonia microphylla 26–142 – blue paloverde PAFL6 Parkinsonia florida 26–142 – catclaw acacia ACGR Acacia greggii 3–28 – velvet mesquite PRVE Prosopis velutina 3–28 – Shrub/Vine7 Large Shrubs 1–66 creosote bush LATR2 Larrea tridentata 1–65 – whitethorn acacia VACO9 Vachellia constricta 3–28 – water jacket LYAN Lycium andersonii 1–5 – Arizona desert-thorn LYEX Lycium exsertum 1–5 – desert wolfberry LYMA Lycium macrodon 1–5 – Fremont's desert-thorn LYFR Lycium fremontii 1–5 – Berlandier's wolfberry LYBE Lycium berlandieri 1–5 – lotebush ZIOB Ziziphus obtusifolia 0–5 – ocotillo FOSP2 Fouquieria splendens 0–2 – longleaf jointfir EPTR Ephedra trifurca 0–2 – fringed twinevine FUCY Funastrum cynanchoides 0–2 – 8 Sub-Shrubs 7–14 burrobush AMDU2 Ambrosia dumosa 5–45 – white ratany KRGR Krameria grayi 5–45 – littleleaf ratany KRER Krameria erecta 5–45 – triangle bur ragweed AMDE4 Ambrosia deltoidea 0–7 – holywood GUSA Guaiacum sanctum 0–7 – alkali goldenbush ISACA2 Isocoma acradenia var. acradenia 0–7 – burroweed ISTE2 Isocoma tenuisecta 0–7 – whitestem paperflower PSCO2 Psilostrophe cooperi 0–2 – brittlebush ENFA Encelia farinosa 0–2 – beloperone JUCA8 Justicia californica 0–2 – Arizona water-willow JUCA9 Justicia candicans 0–2 – 9 Cactus and Succulents 36–71 Christmas cactus CYLE8 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 1–38 – branched pencil cholla CYRA9 Cylindropuntia ramosissima 1–38 – Arizona pencil cholla CYAR14 Cylindropuntia arbuscula 0–5 – teddybear cholla CYBI9 Cylindropuntia bigelovii 0–5 – jumping cholla CYFU10 Cylindropuntia fulgida 0–5 – walkingstick cactus CYSP8 Cylindropuntia spinosior 0–5 – staghorn cholla CYVE3 Cylindropuntia versicolor 0–5 – nightblooming cereus PEGR3 Peniocereus greggii 0–5 – candy barrelcactus FEWI Ferocactus wislizeni 0–3 – buck-horn cholla CYAC8 Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa 0–3 – 10 Misc. Shrubs 7–36 rayless goldenhead ACSP Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus 0–7 – poreleaf dogweed ADPO2 Adenophyllum porophyllum 0–7 – ambrosia leaf bur ragweed AMAM2 Ambrosia ambrosioides 0–7 – Tucson bur ragweed AMCO4 Ambrosia cordifolia 0–7 – woolly fruit bur ragweed AMER Ambrosia eriocentra 0–7 – horsetail milkweed ASSU2 Asclepias subverticillata 0–7 – fourwing saltbush ATCA2 Atriplex canescens 0–7 – Nevada jointfir EPNE Ephedra nevadensis 0–7 – Eastern Mojave buckwheat ERFA2 Eriogonum fasciculatum 0–7 – desert lavender HYEM Hyptis emoryi 0–7 – sangre de cristo JACA2 Jatropha cardiophylla 0–7 – Arizona nettlespurge JACI Jatropha cinerea 0–7 – slender janusia JAGR Janusia gracilis 0–7 – rough menodora MESC Menodora scabra 0–7 – desertbroom BASA2 Baccharis sarothroides 0–7 – sweetbush BEJU Bebbia juncea 0–7 – Coulter's brickellbush BRCO Brickellia coulteri 0–7 – crucifixion thorn CAEM4 Castela emoryi 0–7 – fairyduster CAER Calliandra eriophylla 0–7 – slender poreleaf POGR5 Porophyllum gracile 0–7 – Thurber's sandpaper plant PETH4 Petalonyx thurberi 0–7 – arrow poision plant SEBI9 Sebastiania bilocularis 0–7 – jojoba SICH Simmondsia chinensis 0–7 – Hall's shrubby-spurge TEHA Tetracoccus hallii 0–7 – American threefold TRCA8 Trixis californica 0–7 – Parish's goldeneye VIPA14 Viguiera parishii 0–7 – cattle saltbush ATPO Atriplex polycarpa 0–7 – shortleaf baccharis BABR Baccharis brachyphylla 0–7 – Table 9. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Supporting information
Other references
Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Johnson, C.B., and Turner, D.S., 2014, Ecoregions of Arizona (poster): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1141, with map, scale 1:1,325,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141141. ISSN 2331-1258 (online)
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.Contributors
Wilma Renken
Approval
Kendra Moseley, 10/17/2024
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 08/13/2026 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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