Ecological site R035XA102AZ

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Fallugia paradoxa
Herbaceous	(1) Eriogonum

Landforms	(1) Cinder cone (2) Plain
Flooding duration	Extremely brief (0.1 to 4 hours)
Flooding frequency	None to rare
Ponding duration	Very brief (4 to 48 hours)
Ponding frequency	None to rare
Elevation	5000 – 7000 ft
Slope	1 – 65 %
Aspect	Aspect is not a significant factor

Frost-free period (average)	160 days
Freeze-free period (average)	180 days
Precipitation total (average)	10 in

Parent material	(1) Cinders – pyroclastic rock
Drainage class	Well drained to somewhat excessively drained
Permeability class	Moderate to moderately rapid
Soil depth	5 – 60 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	45 – 55 %
Available water capacity (0-40in)	0 – 1.5 in
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in)	7.5 – 9
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	35 – 45 %

Ecological dynamics

This site occur on cinder hills. These sites are relatively young, and are in the early stages of soil formation and plant succession. There are the less-weathered phases of Non-Vegetated and the sheltered areas with increased collection of organic matter and eolian accumulation, which have limited amounts of herbaceous species. As the cinders weather and organic matter accumulates, there is a phase change from State 1 Phase 1.1 to State 1, Phase 1.2.

Original historic production data will be moved to Limy Upland, Shallow R035XA125AZ as this data better reflects the original intentions of Limy Upland, Shallow. Production data cited here for the Reference site is collected from Wupatki National Monument, Coconino County, Arizona near the boundary with the Coconino National Forest in 2011-2012.

State and transition model

Custom diagram

Standard diagram

Figure 4. Cinder Hills

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Non-Vegetated Phase

1.2. Sparsely Vegetated Phase

State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Non-Vegetated Phase

Figure 5. Non-Vegetated Cinder Hills

This community phase has essentially no vegetation. This is an early colonization area, and somewhat erosive, making it difficult to have established plants on the sideslopes and summits of cindercones.

Community 1.2
Sparsely Vegetated Phase

This phase has sparse herbaceous vegetation on backslopes and summits of cinder cones in protected areas.

Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Shrub/Vine	0	56	80
Total	0	56	80

Additional community tables

Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Table 7. Community 1.2 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)
Shrub/Vine
1				0–80
	Apache plume	FAPA	Fallugia paradoxa	0–80	–
	Cutler's jointfir	EPCU	Ephedra cutleri	0–50	–

Location 1: Apache County, AZ
General legal description	Near old highway 666 seven miles northwest of Springerville, AZ

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)	Jennifer Puttere
Contact for lead author	Flagstaff MLRA Soil Survey Office
Date	08/02/2012
Approved by
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
No rills on this site due to extensive surface tephra.
Presence of water flow patterns:
No water flow patterns on this site; the surface of this site is not mineral soil but rather tephra.
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
No erosional pedestals or terracettes on this site.
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
No unprotected bare ground on this site; site is covered in tephra
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
No gullies on this site
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Around shrubs on the site there are depositional areas of cinders. As cinders erode down the slope they accumulate under the slopes forming small dunes of lightly weathered cinders and ash.
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Most of the litter remains where it falls; some will move downslope with water. There is little wind erosion on the site due to the protection of the cinders.
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Stability values range from 1-2. The site is stable due to the tephra covering the surface. The mineral soil is not strongly developed.
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Weak surface structure; soil is not strongly developed. The tephra surface gives the site stability.
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
In areas with shrubs infiltration is higher; however, the shrubs on this site are sparse and clumpy.The tephra helps keep water on the site but because of slope the runoff is high.
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No compaction layer on this site.
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:
Shrubs>>>forbs

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
No grasses present on site.
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Some individual shrub mortality due to drought on-site
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
<100 lb/acre
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
No invasives on site
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Good reproduction; lots of seeds and flowers present on site

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Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Ecological site R035XA102AZ

Tephra Hills, Loamy 10-14" p.z.

Accessed: 05/04/2026

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General information

Figure 1. Mapped extent

MLRA notes

Ecological site concept

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Natural Resources
Conservation Service

Tephra Hills, Loamy
10-14" p.z.