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Ecological site R034BY230UT

Semidesert Shallow Loam (Salina Wildrye)

Last updated: 3/05/2022
Accessed: 06/16/2026

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 034B–Warm Central Desertic Basins and Plateaus

MLRA 34B occurs in is in Utah (70 percent) and Colorado (30 percent). It makes up about 12,850 square miles (33,290 square kilometers). A small part of the area is in the High Plateaus of Utah Section of the Colorado Plateaus Province of the Intermontane Plateaus. The northern part of the MLRA occurs in the Uinta Basin Section, which is bounded by the Uinta Mountains to the north, the Wasatch Range to the west, the Roan Plateau to the south, and the Rabbit Hills to the east. The southern part of the MLRA occurs in the northern third of the Canyon Lands Section. This section is bounded by the Roan Plateau to the north, the Wasatch Plateau to the west, the southern end of the San Rafael Swell to the south, and the western slope of the Rocky Mountains to the east. Elevation ranges from 4,100 feet (1,250 meters) near Green River, Utah, to 7,500 feet (2,285 meters) at the base of the Wasatch Range and the Roan Plateau.

Most of this area is covered by residual basin-floor materials and materials washed in from the surrounding mountains and plateaus. Shale and sandstone are the dominant rock types. The Tertiary-age Green River, Uinta, and Duchesne Formations dominate the northern part of the MLRA. The southern part is dominated by Cretaceous-age materials with lesser amounts of Jurassic and Triassic materials. The dominant Cretaceous formations are Mancos Shale, Dakota Sandstone, and the members of the Mesa Verde Group. The dominant Jurassic formations are the Morrison, Entrada, and Navajo. The dominant Triassic formations are the Chinle and Moenkopi. Quaternary alluvial, eolian, and glacial deposits occur in both parts of the MLRA.

The average annual precipitation in most of this area ranges from 6 to 10 inches (150 to 255 millimeters). A small part of this area receives as much as 24 inches of annual precipitation.
Much of the precipitation occurs as high-intensity, convective thunderstorms during the period July through September. May and June are usually the drier months. Precipitation is more evenly distributed throughout the year in the northern part of the MLRA than in the southern part, where there is a significant peak in late summer. The northern part of the MLRA receives more precipitation as snow during winter than the southern part. The average annual temperature ranges from 41 to 54 degrees F (5 to 12 degrees C). The freeze-free period averages 170 days and ranges from 110 to 235 days.

The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Aridisols and Entisols. Mollisols occur at the higher elevations, particularly in the northern part of the MLRA. The dominant soil temperature regime is mesic, and the dominant soil moisture regime is aridic. The soils receiving less than 8 inches (205 millimeters) of precipitation annually have an aridic soil moisture regime. The soils receiving 8 to 12 inches (205 to 305 millimeters) have an aridic soil moisture regime that borders on ustic. The soils receiving 12 to 16 inches (305 to 405 millimeters) generally have an ustic soil moisture regime that borders on aridic. The dominant soil mineralogy is mixed and soils are formed in slope alluvium or residuum derived from shale or sandstone. Many of the soils are shallow or moderately deep to shale or sandstone bedrock. The soils at the lower elevations generally have significant amounts of calcium carbonate, salts, and gypsum.

Ecological site concept

The soils of this site formed mostly in alluvium, colluvium, residuum from sandstone and shale. Surface soils are very gravelly sandy loam, gravelly loam to silty loam in texture. Rock fragments may be present on the soil surface and throughout the profile, but generally make up less than 35 percent of the soil volume. These soils are mostly shallow but can be moderately deep, well-drained, and have slow to moderate rapid permeability. pH is slightly to strongly alkaline. Available water-holding capacity ranges from 1.5 to 4 inches of water in the upper 40 inches of soil. The soil moisture regime is mostly ustic aridic and the soil temperature regime is mesic. Precipitation ranges from 8-12 inches annually.

Associated sites

R034BY244UT	Semidesert Stony Loam (Salina Wildrye) Semidesert Stony Loam (Salina Wildrye)
R034BY247UT	Semidesert Stony Loam (Utah Juniper-Pinyon) Semidesert Stony Loam (Utah juniper-Pinyon)

R034BY244UT

Semidesert Stony Loam (Salina Wildrye)

Semidesert Stony Loam (Salina Wildrye)

R034BY247UT

Semidesert Stony Loam (Utah Juniper-Pinyon)

Semidesert Stony Loam (Utah juniper-Pinyon)

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Atriplex confertifolia
Herbaceous	(1) Leymus salinus ssp. salinus

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Physiographic features

This site occurs escarpments and benches.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Structural bench (2) Escarpment
Runoff class	High to very high
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	4000 – 7000 ft
Slope	3 – 50 %
Ponding depth	0 in
Water table depth	0 in
Aspect	N, S

Climatic features

Average annual precipitation is 8 to 12 inches.

Approximately 65% occurs as rain from March through September. On the average, November through February are the driest months and July through October are the wettest months. The mean annual air temperature is 10 degrees celsius and the soil temperatures are in the mesic regime. The average freeze-free period is 100 to 140 days. In average years, plants begin growth around March 30 and end growth around September 30.

Table 3 Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	100-140 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	10-10 in

Soil features

The soils of this site formed mostly in alluvium, colluvium, residuum from sandstone and shale. Surface soils are very gravelly sandy loam, gravelly loam to silty loam in texture. Rock fragments may be present on the soil surface and throughout the profile, but generally make up less than 35 percent of the soil volume. These soils are mostly shallow (<20 inches) but can be moderately deep, well-drained, and have slow to moderate rapid permeability. pH is slightly to strongly alkaline. Available water-holding capacity ranges from 1.5 to 4 inches of water in the upper 40 inches of soil. The soil moisture regime is mostly ustic aridic and the soil temperature regime is mesic. Precipitation ranges from 8-12 inches annually.

Modal Soil: Sandoval SL, 3-15% — loamy, mixed (calc.), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Alluvium – sandstone and shale (2) Colluvium – sandstone and shale (3) Residuum – sandstone and shale
Surface texture	(1) Very gravelly sandy loam (2) Gravelly loam (3) Silt loam
Family particle size	(1) Loamy
Drainage class	Well drained
Permeability class	Slow to moderate
Depth to restrictive layer	10 – 40 in
Soil depth	10 – 40 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	5 – 28 %
Surface fragment cover >3"	0 – 35 %
Available water capacity (Depth not specified)	1.5 – 4 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (Depth not specified)	1 – 30 %
Electrical conductivity (Depth not specified)	0 – 2 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (Depth not specified)	0 – 5
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (Depth not specified)	7.4 – 9
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 14 %
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 2 %

Ecological dynamics

State 1: Reference State
The reference state was determined by documenting rangeland relic areas that have been protected from excessive disturbance, such as grazing and recreation. Historical accounts were also considered.

The reference state represents the natural range of variability in the plant community dynamics of this ecological site. This state includes the biotic community that can establish on the ecological site if all successional sequences were completed under the present environmental conditions, without interference by man; natural disturbances are inherent in its development. This state is dominated by native perennial warm season and cool season grasses, shadscale, and native annual and perennial forbs. Perennial warm and cool season grass composition depends primarily on slope aspect or soil moisture content. If present, Utah juniper is sparse and most common under relatively moist soil conditions (usually north-facing slopes). Soil moisture is the most important driver of plant community change in this state. When natural disturbances occur, the rate of recovery is relatively rapid due to niches being filled with highly adapted native vegetation.

Community Phase 1.1: Moist phase
This plant community phase is characterized by perennial warm and cool season grasses and native shrubs. The dominant cool season grasses include Salina wildrye and Indian ricegrass and the dominant warm season grass is galleta. Dominant native shrubs include shadscale and Torrey jointfir, with some Utah juniper present at times. Forb composition is variable but scarlet globemallow is expected to be found in this phase. Other shrubs, forbs, and grasses may be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 1.1
This pathway occurs when soil moisture decreases, favoring plants species that can tolerate dryer conditions. Events leading to this pathway may include extended periods of drought and/or increased temperatures.

Community Phase 1.2: Dry phase
This plant community phase is characterized by perennial warm and cool season grasses and native shrubs. The dominant cool season grass is Indian ricegrass, and the dominant warm season grass is galleta. Dominant shrubs are shadscale and Torrey jointfir. Forb composition is variable. Other shrubs, forbs, and grasses may be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 1.2
This pathway occurs when events favor plant species with higher cool-season moisture requirements such as Salina wildrye. Events may include extended periods of higher than normal precipitation and may be coupled with cooler temperatures.

Transition 1
This transition occurs when cheatgrass and/or other invasive plant species are dispersed to the site and allowed to germinate, establish and reproduce on site. Events triggering this transition may include improperly managed livestock grazing or recreational activities that disperse non-native seeds to safe microsites that are suitable for establishment of the invaders. Invasive species are also known to establish in undisturbed native plant communities due to their ability to adapt and compete with native vegetation. Eradication of these species once established is considered infeasible.

At-risk Community Phase – All communities are at risk of invasive plant establishment.

Trigger – Dispersal, germination and establishment of invasive species.

State 2: Current Potential State
This state is very similar to the reference state in nutrient cycling and disturbance regime; however it now includes invasive plant species, particularly cheatgrass. This state is dominated by native perennial warm and cool season grasses, shadscale, and native annual and perennial forbs. Invasive plants are present but not dominant. Perennial warm and cool season grass composition depends primarily on slope, aspect and soil moisture. If present, Utah juniper is sparse and most common under relatively moist soil conditions (usually north and east-facing slopes). Soil moisture is the most important driver of plant community change in this state. This state has lower resistance to disturbances and resilience after disturbance than the reference state. Invasive plants are beginning to fill the niches and establish on the site.

Community Phase 2.1: Moist Phase with Invasives
This plant community phase is characterized by perennial warm and cool season grasses and native shrubs. The dominant cool season grasses are Salina wildrye and Indian ricegrass, and the dominant warm season grass is galleta. Dominant native shrubs include shadscale and Torrey jointfir, with some Utah juniper present at times. Forb composition is variable but scarlet globemallow is expected to be found in this phase. Cheatgrass or other non-native species are present but not dominant. Other shrubs, forbs, and grasses may be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 2.1
This pathway occurs when soil moisture decreases, favoring plants species that can tolerate dryer conditions. Events leading to this pathway may include extended periods of drought and/or increased temperatures.

Community Phase 2.2: Dry Phase with Invasives
This plant community phase is characterized by perennial warm and cool season grasses and native shrubs. The dominant cool season grass is Indian ricegrass, and the dominant warm season grass is galleta. Dominant shrubs are shadscale and Torrey jointfir. Forb composition is variable. Cheatgrass or other non-native species are present but not dominant. Other shrubs, forbs, and grasses may be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 2.2
This pathway occurs when events favor plant species with higher cool-season moisture requirements such as Salina wildrye. Events may include extended periods of higher than normal precipitation and may be coupled with cooler temperatures.

State and transition model

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Standard diagram

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Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Reference State

State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Reference State

The dominant aspect of the plant community is shadscale and Salina wildrye. The composition by air-dry weight is approximately 40-50 percent perennial grasses, 10-15 percent forbs and 40-50 percent shrubs.

Figure 1. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Shrub/Vine	56	101	169
Grass/Grasslike	56	101	169
Forb	13	23	37
Total	125	225	375

Table 6. Ground cover

Tree foliar cover	0%
Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover	30-30%
Grass/grasslike foliar cover	20-20%
Forb foliar cover	10-10%
Non-vascular plants	0%
Biological crusts	0%
Litter	0%
Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3"	0%
Surface fragments >3"	0%
Bedrock	0%
Water	0%
Bare ground	0%

Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)

Height Above Ground (ft)	Tree	Shrub/Vine	Grass/ Grasslike	Forb
<0.5	–	–	–	–
>0.5 <= 1	–	29-31%	–	9-11%
>1 <= 2	–	–	19-21%	–
>2 <= 4.5	–	–	–	–
>4.5 <= 13	–	–	–	–
>13 <= 40	–	–	–	–
>40 <= 80	–	–	–	–
>80 <= 120	–	–	–	–
>120	–	–	–	–

Additional community tables

Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)
Shrub/Vine
0	Dominant Shrubs			63–101
	shadscale saltbush	ATCO	Atriplex confertifolia	50–63	–
	valley saltbush	ATCU	Atriplex cuneata	13–25	–
	broom snakeweed	GUSA2	Gutierrezia sarothrae	3–13	–
3	Sub-Dominant Shrubs			34–98
	Shrub (>.5m)	2SHRUB	Shrub (>.5m)	13–25	–
	bud sagebrush	PIDE4	Picrothamnus desertorum	3–25	–
	yellow rabbitbrush	CHVI8	Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	3–8	–
	Torrey's jointfir	EPTO	Ephedra torreyana	3–8	–
	mormon tea	EPVI	Ephedra viridis	3–8	–
	cushion buckwheat	EROV	Eriogonum ovalifolium	3–8	–
	winterfat	KRLA2	Krascheninnikovia lanata	3–8	–
	plains pricklypear	OPPO	Opuntia polyacantha	3–8	–
Grass/Grasslike
0	Dominant Grasses			83–101
	saline wildrye	LESAS	Leymus salinus ssp. salinus	75–88	–
	James' galleta	PLJA	Pleuraphis jamesii	8–13	–
1	Sub-Dominant Grasses			38–82
	Grass, annual	2GA	Grass, annual	13–25	–
	Grass, perennial	2GP	Grass, perennial	13–25	–
	Indian ricegrass	ACHY	Achnatherum hymenoides	3–8	–
	purple threeawn	ARPU9	Aristida purpurea	3–8	–
	squirreltail	ELEL5	Elymus elymoides	3–8	–
	Sandberg bluegrass	POSE	Poa secunda	3–8	–
Forb
0	Dominant Forbs			3–13
	scarlet globemallow	SPCO	Sphaeralcea coccinea	3–13	–
2	Sub-Dominant Forbs			47–106
	Forb, annual	2FA	Forb, annual	13–25	–
	Forb, perennial	2FP	Forb, perennial	13–25	–
	woolly locoweed	ASMO7	Astragalus mollissimus	3–8	–
	northwestern Indian paintbrush	CAAN7	Castilleja angustifolia	3–8	–
	Brenda's yellow cryptantha	CRFL5	Cryptantha flava	3–8	–
	desert trumpet	ERIN4	Eriogonum inflatum	3–8	–
	rayless tansyaster	MAGR2	Machaeranthera grindelioides	3–8	–
	Pacific aster	SYCHC	Symphyotrichum chilense var. chilense	3–8	–

Interpretations

Animal community

This site provides proper grazing for sheep and cattle during fall, winter, and spring.

This site provides food and limited cover for wildlife. Wildlife using this site include jackrabbit, snake, lizard, hawk, and coyote.

Hydrological functions

The soil is in hydrologic group D. The runoff curve numbers are 80 through 89 depending on the condition of the watershed.

Recreational uses

This site has moderate recreational opportunities and often has scenic vistas.

Wood products

None

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)	V. Keith Wadman (NRCS Retired).
Contact for lead author	shane.green@ut.usda.gov
Date	04/19/2012
Approved by
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Very few rills present. Some increase in rill development may occur on steeper slopes or on areas located below exposed bedrock, or other water shedding areas, where increased runoff may occur. Rills should be < 1 inch deep, fairly short (< 10 feet) and somewhat widely spaced (8-10 feet)on slopes < 10%. On steeper slopes, rills will be 10 to 15+ feet long and spaced 6 to 8 feet apart. More active rill development may be observed following major thunderstorm or spring runoff events but should heal during the next growing season. The expression of rills may be less defined where coarse fragments (i.e., gravels and/or channers) dominate the soil surface.
Presence of water flow patterns:
A very few sinuous flow patterns wind around perennial plants and surface rock. Evidence of flow patterns is expected to increase somewhat with slopes greater than 10%. Water flow patterns are long (15-20 feet), narrow (< 1 foot wide), and spaced widely (10-20 yards) on gentle slopes (<15%) and more closely (<10 yards) on steeper slopes (>15%).
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Small pedestals may form at the base of plants that occur on the edge of water flow patterns, but should not show any exposed roots. Terracettes are fairly common, forming behind debris dams of small to medium sized litter (up to 2 inches in diameter) in water flow patterns. These debris dams may accumulate smaller litter (leaves, grass and forb stems) and sediment.
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
20–30%. (Soil surface is typically covered by up to 40% surface fragments). Most bare ground is associated with water flow patterns, rills, and gullies. Poorly developed biological soil crusts that are interpreted as functioning as bare ground should be recorded as bare ground. Base ground spaces should not be greater than 2 to 3 feet and should mostly not be connected.
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None on slopes < 10%. Rare on steeper slopes and on areas below exposed bedrock. There they do occur, their length often extends from the exposed bedrock to where the gully reaches a stream or other area where water and sediment accumulate. Gullies may show slightly more indication of erosion as slope increases, or as the site occurs adjacent to steep sites/watershed with concentrated flow patterns.
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None to very slight. Perennial vegetation helps break the wind and reduces the potential for wind erosion. Coarse fragments on the soil surface help armor it and reduce the potential for wind erosion.
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Most litter resides in place with minor redistribution caused by water movement. Minor litter removal may occur in flow channels with deposition occurring within 1 to 2 feet at points of obstruction. The majority of litter accumulates at the base of plants. Some grass leaves and small twigs (grass stems) may accumulate in soil depressions adjacent to plants. Woody stems are not likely to move. However, some litter movement is expected (up to 6 feet) with increases in slopes > 10% and/or increased runoff resulting from heavy thunderstorms.
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
This site should have an erosion rating of 4 or 5 under the plant canopies, and a rating of 3 to 4 in the interspaces. The average should be a 4. Vegetation cover, litter, biological soil crusts and surface rock reduce erosion.
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
(Sandoval) Soil surface horizon is typically 0 to 2 inches deep. Texture is a fine sandy loam, structure is typically weak fine granular. Color is a light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). A ochric epipedon ranges to a depth of 2 inches. Use the specific information for the soil you are assessing found in the published soil survey to supplement this description.
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Surface coarse fragments combined with perennial vegetation produce sufficient cover and spatial arrangement to intercept most raindrops and reduce raindrop splash erosion. Litter on soil surface and cryptogamic crusting, where present, also protect soil from splash erosion and encourages a higher rate of infiltration. Plant spatial distribution should slow runoff, allowing additional time for infiltration. Bare spaces are expected to be small and irregular in shape and are usually not connected. Vegetative structure is usually adequate to capture snow and ensure that snowmelt occurs in a controlled manner, allowing maximum time for infiltration, and reducing runoff and erosion in all but the most extreme storm events. When perennial grasses and shrubs decrease due to natural events (i.e., drought, insect damage, etc.) which reduce ground cover and increase bare ground, runoff is expected to increase and associated infiltration be reduced.
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. Texture transitions from a fine sandy loam to a clay loam within the soil profile. This increase in clay should not be mistaken for a compaction layer. Calcareous shale occurs at 15 to 25 inches.
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:
Non-sprouting shrubs (shadscale, broom snakeweed) > Perennial bunchgrasses (Salina wildrye, Indian ricegrass) > Perennial forbs (scarlet globemallow).

Sub-dominant:
Sprouting shrubs (Castlevalley saltbush, torrey jointfir) > Perennial bunchgrasses (bottlebrush squirreltail)> Rhizomatous grasses (James galleta) > Forbs (woolly milkvetch, cushion wild buckwheat) > Biological soil crusts.

Other:
Functional/structural groups may appropriately contain non-native species if their ecological function is the same as the native species in the reference state. Biological soil crust is variable in its expression where present on this site and is measured as a component of ground cover. Forbs can be expected to vary widely in their expression in the plant community based upon departures from average growing conditions.

Additional:
Natural disturbance regimes include fire, drought, and insects. Assumed fire cycle of 30 to 40+ years. Functional/structural groups may appropriately contain non-native species if their ecological function is the same as the native species in the reference state. Following a disturbance such as fire, drought, rodents or insects that remove woody vegetation, forbs and perennial grasses (herbaceous species) may dominate the community for a period of time. If a disturbance has not occurred for an extended period of time, woody species may continue to increase. These conditions would reflect natural functional community phases within the reference state.
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
All age classes of perennial grasses should be present under average to above average growing conditions. There may be partial mortality on individual bunchgrasses and shrubs during drought periods and complete mortality of individual plants during severe drought periods. Slight decadence in the principle shrubs could occur near the end of the fire cycle or during periods of extended drought, or insect infestations. In general, a mix of age classes should be expected with some dead and decadent plants present.
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter cover will be heavier around perennial plants. Most litter will be herbaceous and depths of 1/4 to 1/2 inch would be considered normal. Perennial vegetation should be well distributed on the site. Litter cover may increase to 25% on some years due to increased production of plants.
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Annual production in air-dry herbage should be approximately 200 - 250#/acre on an average year, but could range from 100 to 400#/acre during periods of prolonged drought or above average precipitation.
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Few invasive species are capable of dominating this site. When invasion does occur, annual bromes such as cheatgrass, and various non-native annual forbs including alyssum and various mustard species are the most likely to invade.
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All perennial plants should have the ability to reproduce in all years, except in extreme drought years. There are no restrictions on either seed or vegetative reproduction. Some seedling recruitment of major species should be present during average and above average growing years.

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