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Ecological site R034BY112UT

Desert Sand (Fourwing Saltbush)

Last updated: 3/05/2022
Accessed: 04/20/2026

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

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Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 034B–Warm Central Desertic Basins and Plateaus

MLRA 34B occurs in is in Utah (70 percent) and Colorado (30 percent). It makes up about 12,850 square miles (33,290 square kilometers). A small part of the area is in the High Plateaus of Utah Section of the Colorado Plateaus Province of the Intermontane Plateaus. The northern part of the MLRA occurs in the Uinta Basin Section, which is bounded by the Uinta Mountains to the north, the Wasatch Range to the west, the Roan Plateau to the south, and the Rabbit Hills to the east. The southern part of the MLRA occurs in the northern third of the Canyon Lands Section. This section is bounded by the Roan Plateau to the north, the Wasatch Plateau to the west, the southern end of the San Rafael Swell to the south, and the western slope of the Rocky Mountains to the east. Elevation ranges from 4,100 feet (1,250 meters) near Green River, Utah, to 7,500 feet (2,285 meters) at the base of the Wasatch Range and the Roan Plateau.

Most of this area is covered by residual basin-floor materials and materials washed in from the surrounding mountains and plateaus. Shale and sandstone are the dominant rock types. The Tertiary-age Green River, Uinta, and Duchesne Formations dominate the northern part of the MLRA. The southern part is dominated by Cretaceous-age materials with lesser amounts of Jurassic and Triassic materials. The dominant Cretaceous formations are Mancos Shale, Dakota Sandstone, and the members of the Mesa Verde Group. The dominant Jurassic formations are the Morrison, Entrada, and Navajo. The dominant Triassic formations are the Chinle and Moenkopi. Quaternary alluvial, eolian, and glacial deposits occur in both parts of the MLRA.

The average annual precipitation in most of this area ranges from 6 to 10 inches (150 to 255 millimeters). A small part of this area receives as much as 24 inches of annual precipitation.
Much of the precipitation occurs as high-intensity, convective thunderstorms during the period July through September. May and June are usually the drier months. Precipitation is more evenly distributed throughout the year in the northern part of the MLRA than in the southern part, where there is a significant peak in late summer. The northern part of the MLRA receives more precipitation as snow during winter than the southern part. The average annual temperature ranges from 41 to 54 degrees F (5 to 12 degrees C). The freeze-free period averages 170 days and ranges from 110 to 235 days.

The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Aridisols and Entisols. Mollisols occur at the higher elevations, particularly in the northern part of the MLRA. The dominant soil temperature regime is mesic, and the dominant soil moisture regime is aridic. The soils receiving less than 8 inches (205 millimeters) of precipitation annually have an aridic soil moisture regime. The soils receiving 8 to 12 inches (205 to 305 millimeters) have an aridic soil moisture regime that borders on ustic. The soils receiving 12 to 16 inches (305 to 405 millimeters) generally have an ustic soil moisture regime that borders on aridic. The dominant soil mineralogy is mixed and soils are formed in slope alluvium or residuum derived from shale or sandstone. Many of the soils are shallow or moderately deep to shale or sandstone bedrock. The soils at the lower elevations generally have significant amounts of calcium carbonate, salts, and gypsum.

Ecological site concept

The soils of this site formed mostly in eolian deposits and/or slope alluvium over residuum from calcareous sandstone.. Surface soils are fine sand, sand and loamy fine sand in texture. Rock fragments may be present on the soil surface and throughout the profile, but make up less than 35 percent of the soil volume. These soils are mainly deep to very deep but can be shallow, somewhat excessively drained, and have moderately rapid to rapid permeability. pH is slightly to strongly alkaline. Available water-holding capacity ranges from 3 to 4 inches of water in the upper 60 inches of soil. The soil moisture regime is typic aridic and the soil temperature regime is mesic. Precipitation ranges from 5-8 inches annually.

Associated sites

R034BY115UT	Desert Sandy Loam (Indian Ricegrass) Desert Sandy Loam (Indian ricegrass)
R034BY003UT	Alkali Fan (Castlevalley Saltbush) Alkali fan (Castlevalley saltbush)
R034BY012UT	Sandy Bottom (Fourwing salbush) Sandy Bottom (Fourwing saltbush)

R034BY115UT

Desert Sandy Loam (Indian Ricegrass)

Desert Sandy Loam (Indian ricegrass)

R034BY003UT

Alkali Fan (Castlevalley Saltbush)

Alkali fan (Castlevalley saltbush)

R034BY012UT

Sandy Bottom (Fourwing salbush)

Sandy Bottom (Fourwing saltbush)

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Atriplex canescens
Herbaceous	(1) Achnatherum hymenoides

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Physiographic features

This site occurs on dunes, hills and benches. Slopes are mostly 1 to 10 percent.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Dune (2) Hill (3) Structural bench
Runoff class	Very low to high
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	4500 – 6000 ft
Slope	1 – 10 %
Ponding depth	0 in
Water table depth	0 in

Climatic features

Average annual precipitation is 5 to 8 inches. Approximately 60 to 70 percent occurs as rain from March through September. On the average, November through February are the driest months and July through October are the wettest months. The mean annual air temperature is 8.4 degrees celsius and the soil temperatures are in the mesic regime. The average freeze-free period is 110 to 125 days. In average years, plants begin growth around March 15 and end growth around October 15.

Table 3 Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	110-130 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	10-10 in

Soil features

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Slope alluvium – calcareous sandstone (2) Residuum – calcareous sandstone (3) Eolian deposits – calcareous sandstone
Surface texture	(1) Loamy fine sand (2) Fine sand (3) Sand
Family particle size	(1) Sandy
Drainage class	Somewhat excessively drained
Permeability class	Moderately rapid to rapid
Depth to restrictive layer	10 – 60 in
Soil depth	10 – 60 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	0 – 5 %
Surface fragment cover >3"	Not specified
Available water capacity (Depth not specified)	3 – 4 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (Depth not specified)	7 – 9 %
Electrical conductivity (Depth not specified)	0 – 4 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (Depth not specified)	0 – 5
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (Depth not specified)	7.4 – 9
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 17 %
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	Not specified

Ecological dynamics

State 1: Reference State
This reference state was determined by the study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, as well as areas influenced by activities such as grazing and recreation. Literature reviews, trends in plant community dynamics, and historical accounts are also considered.

This reference state represents the plant communities and ecological dynamics of the desert sand, fourwing saltbush site. This state includes the biotic communities that can become established on this ecological site if all successional sequences are completed under the natural disturbance regime. This state is dominated by perennial warm and cool season grasses, where four-wing saltbush and mormontea (Ephedra spp.) species make up the dominant shrub canopy. In this state, both warm and cool season grass species are present, including Indian ricegrass and James galleta. Forb composition is variable.

Primary disturbance mechanisms include occasional fire caused by lightning strikes and Native American ignition sources, climate fluctuations, insect herbivory, and native herbivore grazing. Timing of these natural disturbances dictates the what ecological dynamics occur. The reference state is self-sustaining and resistant to change due to its high resistance to natural disturbances and it's high resilience following natural disturbances. When natural disturbances occur, the rate of recovery is relatively rapid due to niches being filled with highly adapted native vegetation.

Reference State: Community phases influenced by infrequent fire, native herbivore grazing, insect herbivory, and weather.

Indicators: A well-developed perennial cool and warm season grass understory with fourwing saltbush forming the dominant visual aspect.

Feedbacks: Extended drought and/or improper grazing that result in a reduction of native perennial plant vigor which may cause invasive species to become established in the understory, increased bare spaces, erosion, and soil loss. Infrequent but regular fires and/or properly managed grazing that maintain the perennial bunch grass understory and the establishment of shrubs.

At-risk Community Phase: All communities in this state are at risk when native plants are stressed and/or nutrients become available for invasive plants to establish; plant community 1.3 is most at risk due to its limited understory.

Trigger: Introduction and establishment of non-native invasive plants such as cheatgrass and Russian thistle.

Community Phase 1.1: Desert Grassland/Shrubland.
This plant community phase is characterized by a fourwing saltbush overstory with a perennial cool and warm season grass understory. The dominant cool season grass is Indian ricegrass and the dominant warm season grass is James galleta. Other perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs may or may not be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 1.1a
This pathway occurs when events, such as fire or shrub insect herbivory, favor the establishment of perennial native grasses and a reduction in the shrub canopy.

Community Phase Pathway 1.1b
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of native shrubs and a reduction in the perennial grass understory. Events may include time without disturbances, or improper grazing. This is the natural successional pathway from community 1.1 to 1.3

Community Phase 1.2: Desert Grassland
This plant community phase is characterized by well developed perennial warm and cool season grassland with occasional scattered fourwing saltbush, depending on disturbance history. Dominant grasses include Indian ricegrass, needle-and-thread, James galleta, and sand dropseed. Other perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs my or may not be present and cover is variable. This plant community typically is a result of a fire in either plant community 1.2 or 1.3 and thus shrubs may or may not be present depending on when the fire occurred.

Community Phase Pathway 1.2a
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of native shrubs with minimal loss of the perennial grass understory. Events may include time without disturbances or mild drought.

Community Phase 1.3: Desert Shrubland
This plant community phase is characterized by a well developed shrub overstory with a minimally developed native perennial grass understory. Dominant shrub species include fourwing saltbush and mormontea. Dominant perennial cool and warm season grasses include Indian ricegrass and James galleta. Other perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs may or may not be present and cover is variable. Due to increased bare ground and decreased perennial grass understory this plant community is most at risk for erosion, soil loss, and invasion by introduced species such as cheatgrass, annual mustard, and/or Russian thistle, as well as invasive native species including broom snakeweed.

Community Phase Pathway 1.3a
This pathway occurs when events, such as a cool fire or insect herbivory, favor a minimal decrease in the shrub canopy and the increased establishment of native perennial grasses

Community Phase Pathway 1.3b
This pathway occurs when events, such as a hot fire, favors the establishment of native perennial grasses with a major reduction or removal of the shrub canopy.

Transition T1a
This transition is from the native perennial grass understory in the reference state to a state that contains invasive plants such as cheatgrass, Russian thistle, and annual mustards. Events that may trigger this event include fire, improper domestic livestock grazing, and extended drought that stress the native plants and allow nutrients to become available for more tolerant invasive species. Non-native, invasive species such as cheatgrass, however, have been known to invade into intact perennial plant communities where little to no disturbances have occurred. So while this transition may occur from any state in the reference state it typically will occur from community 1.3. Once invasive species have established in the understory a threshold has been crossed.

State 2: Current Potential State
This state is similar to the reference state except there are now non-native invasive plants established in the understory. This state is dominated by perennial warm and cool season grasses, where fourwing saltbush and various mormontea species make up the shrub canopy. Dominant grass species include Indian ricegrass and James galleta. Forb composition is variable. Primary disturbance mechanisms include fire, human induced fire suppression, weather fluctuations, domestic livestock grazing, insect herbivory, and native herbivore grazing. Timing and severity of these disturbances dictate the ecological dynamics that occur. Disturbances can lead to shifts in species composition that affect the nutrient cycling, soil-water relationships, hydrology, and soil stability. This state has lower resistance to disturbances and resilience after disturbance than the reference state due to the occurrence of invasive species and increased bare ground.

Current Potential State: Community phases influenced by fire, native herbivore grazing, domestic livestock grazing, insect herbivory cycles, lack of disturbances, and weather.
Indicators: A well developed perennial cool and warm season grass understory with fourwing saltbush forming the dominant visual aspect. Invasive plants are present.
Feedbacks: Extended drought and/or improper grazing that result in a reduction of native perennial plant vigor which may cause invasive species to dominate the understory, increased bare spaces, erosion, and soil loss. Infrequent but regular fires and/or properly managed grazing that maintain the perennial bunch grass understory and the establishment of shrubs.

At-risk Community Phase: All communities are at risk when cheatgrass is present in the understory due to increased fine fuels, which may decrease the natural fire return interval that could eventually lead the site into an annual grass state (State 4). All community phases are also subject to possible transition into the disturbed state (state 3) due to increased bare ground, and increased opportunities for soil erosion especially when site is exposed to improper livestock grazing.

Trigger: Increase and/or establishment of broom snakeweed, and surface disturbances which increase soil erosion and loss; and/or increased establishment of invasive annuals such as cheatgrass and annual mustards which decrease the fire return interval.

Restoration Pathway: None

Community Phase 2.1: Desert Grassland/Shrubland
This plant community is characterized by a native perennial bunch grass understory with minimal occurrence of non-native invasive species. Fourwing saltbush forms the dominant shrub overstory. Commonly observed invasive plants include broom snakeweed, Russian thistle, cheatgrass, and annual mustards. Dominant perennial cool and warm season grasses include Indian ricegrass and James galleta. Other grasses, shrubs, and forbs my or may not be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 2.1a
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of grasses with a complete removal of the shrub component. Events may include fire that allows for the reestablishment of the perennial grasses or grazing livestock in such a way that removes the shrub canopy.

Community Phase Pathway 2.1b
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of shrubs with a reduction in the grass understory. Events may include fire suppression, time, or grazing livestock in such a way that reduces the grass understory and allows for increased establishment of the shrub component.

Community Phase 2.2: Desert Grassland
This plant community phase is characterized by well developed perennial warm and cool season grassland with occasional scattered fourwing saltbush, depending on when the disturbance history. There is minimal occurrence of non-native invasive species. Grass species present include Indian ricegrass, James galleta, and cheatgrass. Commonly seen invasive forbs and shrubs include Russian thistle, broom snakeweed and annual mustards. Other grasses, shrubs, and forbs my or may not be present and cover is variable. This plant community typically is a result of a cool fire in either plant community 2.1 or 2.3 and thus shrubs may or may not be present depending on when the fire occurred.

Community Phase Pathway 2.2a
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of shrubs with minimal loss of the grass understory. Events may include time without disturbances, mild drought, or grazing livestock in such a way that allows for the increase of shrubs and decrease of grass species.

Community Phase 2.3: Desert Shrubland
This plant community phase is characterized by a well developed shrub overstory with a minimally developed native perennial grass understory. Non-native invasive plants are present. Shrub species include fourwing saltbush, broom snakeweed, and various mormontea species, Grasses include Indian ricegrass, cheatgrass, and James galleta. Commonly occurring invasive forbs include annual mustards and Russian thistle. Other grasses, shrubs, and forbs my or may not be present and cover is variable.

Community Phase Pathway 2.3a
This pathway occurs when events favor the establishment of native perennial grasses with a removal of the shrub canopy. Events typically include a cool fire that will significantly reduce or remove the shrubs, but still allow for establishment of native perennial grasses.

Community Phase Pathway 2.3b
This pathway occurs when events, such as insect herbivory, favor a decrease in shrub canopy. A variety of insects including Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera feed on fourwing saltbush.

Transition T2a
This transition from the Current Potential State (State 2) to the Disturbed State (State 3). This transition occurs when events favor broom snakeweed to dominate the site. Bare ground increases and perennial/annual grass production decreases. Events typically include improperly managed domestic livestock grazing for extended periods of time. This transition may occur from any community in the current potential state. Once broom snakeweed and bare ground dominate, and drive the ecological dynamics of a site, a threshold has been crossed.

Transition T2b
This transition from the Current Potential State (State 2) to the Annual Grass State (State 4). This transition occurs when events allow cheatgrass to dominate the site. Bare ground typically will decrease as cheatgrass increases. A hot, catastrophic fire occurring in any community in the current potential state can cause this transition to occur. This often causes an increase in the fire return interval. Once cheatgrass dominates and drives the ecological dynamics of a site, a threshold has been crossed.

State 3: Disturbed State
This state is characterized by a dominance of broom snakeweed, Russian thistle, and various mormontea species, with minimal occurrence of the perennial warm and cool season grasses associated with this site. Fourwing saltbush may or may not be present. The primary disturbance mechanism is improperly managed domestic livestock grazing that maintains the broom snakeweed and bare ground. The shift in species composition, as well as the increased bare ground, affects the nutrient cycling, soil-water relationships, hydrology, and soil stability of this site. This state has lower resistance to disturbances and resilience after a disturbance than the previous two states.

Disturbed State: Community phase maintained by improperly managed domestic livestock grazing.

Indicators: A plant community dominated by broom snakeweed and Russian thistle, where bare ground is very common.

Feedbacks: Improper domestic livestock grazing that allows for the continued establishment and maintenance of broom snakeweed and bare ground. Time without disturbances that may aid in the reestablishment of native perennial grasses and shrubs.
At-risk Community Phase: All community phases are at risk when cheatgrass is present in the plant community and there are sufficient fine fuels to carry a fire.

Trigger: Increased cheatgrass and a resulting decrease in the sites fire return interval.

Restoration Pathway: Time with proper livestock grazing or other disturbance that allows native perennial vegetation to reclaim the site. This may take many years to accomplish.

Community Phase 3.1: Disturbed Grassland/Shrubland
This plant community phase is characterized by a dominance of broom snakeweed and Russian thistle. The perennial warm and cool season grasses may or may not be present. Fourwing saltbush and various mormontea species also may be present. Cheatgrass is typically present and other invasive forbs are variable. Bare ground (60-80% cover) is very common and the biological crust (0-5%) cover when present is characterized by light cyanobacteria in the interspaces, with an occasional isolated lichen or moss pinnacle under the plant canopy. This plant community is most at risk when cheatgrass is present and fine fuel loads are sufficient to carry a fire, causing this community to be at risk of transitioning to an annual grass state (state 4).

Transition T3a
This transition is from the Disturbed State (State 3) to the Annual Grass state (State 4). This transition occurs when cheatgrass production is sufficient in the disturbed state for fire to be able to carry through the ecological site. Once cheatgrass drives the ecological dynamics of the site, a threshold has been crossed.

Restoration Pathway R3a
This restoration from the Disturbed State (State 3) to the Current Potential State (State 2). This restoration pathway occurs as native perennial shrubs and grasses are able to reclaim a site over time when improper livestock grazing and other disturbances are removed. For this to occur there must still be a seed source for native grasses and shrubs near or on the site. This restoration pathway may take many decades to complete and may not even be possible with the current knowledge.

State 4: Annual Grass State
This states ecological processes are driven by the dominance of cheatgrass production. Other invasive, and some native plant species may also be present. Cheatgrass dramatically affects the soil/plant/water relationships of a site. Research has shown that it has substantial effects on soil water content and temperature, as well as impacts on the frequency and intensity of disturbance. After a cheatgrass invasion, a sites fundamental nutrient cycling processes, root pores, mycorrhizal associations, microbial species, and soil organic material are changed (Chapin et al. 1997; Belnap and Phillips, 2001). These alterations may eventually create ecologically impoverished sites that are very difficult to restore to functionally. The competitiveness of cheatgrass and its ability to quickly establish after a disturbance make this state extremely resistance to change and resilient after a disturbance.

Annual Grass State: Community phases maintained, in a self-sustaining manner, by frequent fire.

Indicators: A site where ecological processes are driven by cheatgrass.

Feedbacks: A self sustaining disturbance regime of frequent fire.

Community Phase 4.1: Cheatgrass Dominated
This plant community is characterized by dominance of cheatgrass, other native species are present but no longer drive the ecological dynamics of the site. Bare ground is minimal (5-15% cover) due to the increase in litter and cheatgrass’ dense establishment. Fire can carry through this community. Biological crusts (1-5% cover) are characterized by light cyanobacteria in the interspaces.

Community Phase Pathway 4.1a
This pathway is characterized by frequently occurring fires (every 5-10 years) that allows for establishment of a cheatgrass monoculture.

Community Phase 4.2: Cheatgrass Monoculture
This community is characterized by a complete monoculture of cheatgrass, where other grasses and shrubs do not occur. Invasive annual forbs may or may not be present, depending on current climatic conditions. This plant community is self-enhancing through frequent fire (every 5-10 years). Bare ground (5-15%) is minimal and biological crusts (1-5%) are characterized by light cyanobacteria in the interspaces.

State and transition model

Custom diagram

Standard diagram

Figure 2. STM

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Reference State

State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Reference State

The dominant aspect of the plant community is Indian ricegrass and fourwing saltbush. The composition by air-dry weight is approximately 65 percent perennial grasses, 10 percent forbs and 25 percent shrubs.

Figure 3. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Grass/Grasslike	178	308	503
Shrub/Vine	69	119	194
Forb	28	48	78
Total	275	475	775

Table 6. Ground cover

Tree foliar cover	0%
Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover	10-20%
Grass/grasslike foliar cover	40-40%
Forb foliar cover	0-10%
Non-vascular plants	0%
Biological crusts	0%
Litter	0%
Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3"	0%
Surface fragments >3"	0%
Bedrock	0%
Water	0%
Bare ground	0%

Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)

Height Above Ground (ft)	Tree	Shrub/Vine	Grass/ Grasslike	Forb
<0.5	–	–	–	–
>0.5 <= 1	–	–	–	4-6%
>1 <= 2	–	–	39-41%	–
>2 <= 4.5	–	14-16%	–	–
>4.5 <= 13	–	–	–	–
>13 <= 40	–	–	–	–
>40 <= 80	–	–	–	–
>80 <= 120	–	–	–	–
>120	–	–	–	–

Figure 4. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). UT1121 , PNC. Excellent Condition.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0	0	5	25	50	10	0	0	5	5	0	0

Additional community tables

Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)
Shrub/Vine
0	Dominant Shrubs			95–150
	fourwing saltbush	ATCA2	Atriplex canescens	50–75	–
	Nevada jointfir	EPNE	Ephedra nevadensis	15–25	–
	Torrey's jointfir	EPTO	Ephedra torreyana	15–25	–
	winterfat	KRLA2	Krascheninnikovia lanata	15–25	–
3	Sub-Dominant Shrubs			60–160
	Shrub (>.5m)	2SHRUB	Shrub (>.5m)	15–25	–
	sand sagebrush	ARFI2	Artemisia filifolia	5–15	–
	yellow rabbitbrush	CHVI8	Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	5–15	–
	crispleaf buckwheat	ERCOA	Eriogonum corymbosum var. aureum	5–15	–
	rubber rabbitbrush	ERNAN5	Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa	5–15	–
	spiny hopsage	GRSP	Grayia spinosa	5–15	–
	broom snakeweed	GUSA2	Gutierrezia sarothrae	5–15	–
	plains pricklypear	OPPO	Opuntia polyacantha	5–15	–
	Havard oak	QUHAT	Quercus havardii var. tuckeri	5–15	–
	shortspine horsebrush	TESP2	Tetradymia spinosa	5–15	–
Grass/Grasslike
0	Dominant Grasses			200–300
	Indian ricegrass	ACHY	Achnatherum hymenoides	125–150	–
	needle and thread	HECO26	Hesperostipa comata	25–50	–
	James' galleta	PLJA	Pleuraphis jamesii	25–50	–
	sand dropseed	SPCR	Sporobolus cryptandrus	25–50	–
1	Sub-Dominant Grasses			30–110
	Grass, annual	2GA	Grass, annual	5–25	–
	Grass, perennial	2GP	Grass, perennial	5–25	–
	purple threeawn	ARPU9	Aristida purpurea	5–15	–
	blue grama	BOGR2	Bouteloua gracilis	5–15	–
	sandhill muhly	MUPU2	Muhlenbergia pungens	5–15	–
	spike dropseed	SPCO4	Sporobolus contractus	5–15	–
Forb
0	Dominant Forb			10–25
	scarlet globemallow	SPCO	Sphaeralcea coccinea	10–25	–
2	Sub-Dominant Forbs			50–175
	Forb, annual	2FA	Forb, annual	25–50	–
	Forb, perennial	2FP	Forb, perennial	25–50	–
	snowball sand verbena	ABFR2	Abronia fragrans	0–5	–
	annual ragweed	AMAR2	Ambrosia artemisiifolia	0–5	–
	yellow milkvetch	ASFL	Astragalus flavus	0–5	–
	Brenda's yellow cryptantha	CRFL5	Cryptantha flava	0–5	–
	Texas croton	CRTE4	Croton texensis	0–5	–
	shaggy fleabane	ERPU2	Erigeron pumilus	0–5	–
	mountain pepperweed	LEMO2	Lepidium montanum	0–5	–
	rusty lupine	LUPU	Lupinus pusillus	0–5	–
	largeflower skeletonplant	LYGR	Lygodesmia grandiflora	0–5	–
	rush skeletonplant	LYJU	Lygodesmia juncea	0–5	–
	whitestem blazingstar	MEAL6	Mentzelia albicaulis	0–5	–
	pale evening primrose	OEPA	Oenothera pallida	0–5	–
	woolly plantain	PLPA2	Plantago patagonica	0–5	–
	Pacific aster	SYCHC	Symphyotrichum chilense var. chilense	0–5	–

Interpretations

Animal community

This site provides proper grazing for cattle and sheep during fall, winter, and spring.

This site provides food and cover for wildlife. Wildlife using this site include kangaroo rat, mice, snake, jackrabbit, hawk, coyote, and bobcat.

Hydrological functions

The soil is in hydrologic groups a, c, and d. The runoff curve numbers are 39 through 89 depending on the condition of the watershed.

Recreational uses

Recreation values are hiking and hunting.

Wood products

None

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)	V. Keith Wadman (NRCS retired).
Contact for lead author	shane.green@ut.usda.gov
Date	05/31/2012
Approved by
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
None on slopes < 10%. Rare on slopes > 10%. A minor increase in rill development may be evident immediately following significant thunderstorm or snow melt events but, because of the sites coarse textured soils, they should begin to heal during the following growing season. The presence of rills may also be more apparent where run-on from adjacent upland sites or exposed bedrock concentrate flows. Any rill development present should be less than 1 inch deep, moderately short (< 5’) and spaced 8 to 10 feet apart.
Presence of water flow patterns:
A very few stable overland flow patterns may be present and wind around plant bases. They should show no evidence of current erision or deposition. Flow patterns present are normally 10 to 15 feet long, follow natural contours, and are typically spaced at least 15 to 20 feet apart. A slight increase in flow activity may be observed immediately following significant weather events such as thunderstorms or spring run-off events.
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
None. There should be no evidence of pedestals or terracettes caused by accelerated water erosion. One to 2 inches of elevational mounding under four-wing saltbush and other shrub canopies, and within biological soil crusts, is normal for this site and is not caused by water erosion. There are no exposed roots around perennial grasses and shrubs.
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground ranges from 40% - 45%. Bare ground openings should not be greater than 2 to 3 feet in diameter and should normally not be connected.
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None at site level. Scattered landscape level gully channels, however, are a normal component of desert environments. Where landscape gullies are present, they should be stable, partially vegetated on their sides and bottoms, with no evidence of head-cutting. Some slight increase in disturbance may be evident following significant weather events or when gullies convey considerable runoff from higher elevation rocky or naturally eroding areas.
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Some evidence of wind generated soil movement is normal. Moderate depositional mounding within perennial grass crowns, under four-wing saltbush and other shrub canopies, and within biological soil crusts is expected on this site. Wind caused blowouts, where present, are generally stable or are being stabilized with vegetation.
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
The majority of litter accumulates in place at the base of plants canopies. Slight movement of the finest material (< 1/8 inch) may move 1 to 2 feet in the direction of prevailing winds or down slope if being transported by water. Some minor accumulation is observed behind obstructions.
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
This site should have a soil stability rating of 3 or 4 under plant canopies, and a 2 to 3 in the interspaces. Average should be a 3. Surface textures are typically sands, and fine sands containing few coarse fragments.
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
(Crustown) Soil surface is typically 0 to 5 inches deep. Texture is a sand and structure is single grain. The A-horizon color is pale brown (10YR 6/3). Soils have an Ochric epipedon that extends 5 inches into the soil profile. The A horizon is normally deeper and better developed under plant canopies. Use the specific information for the soil you are assessing found in the published soil survey to supplement this description.
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Healthy stands of perennial grasses and shrubs, as well as the presence of biological crusts, provide for good infiltration, help break raindrop impact, and reduce runoff from storm events. Bare spaces are expected to be fairly small (< 3 feet) should be irregular in shape and usually not connected. Vegetative structure is adequate to capture snow and and allow snowmelt to occur in a controlled manner.
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. Unweathered sandstone bedrock occurs at 22 inches.
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:
Sprouting shrubs (four-wing saltbush, Torrey jointfir > Perennial bunchgrasses (Indian ricegrass, needle-and-thread) >> Perennial forbs (woolly plantain, scarlet globemallow).

Sub-dominant:
Sprouting shrubs (winterfat, rubber rabbitbrush) > = Warm season grasses (James galleta, sand dropseed).

Other:
A wide variety of other grasses and both perennial and annual forbs can be expected to occur in the plant community.

Additional:
Moss and lichen communities will normally be found under plant canopies while the cyanobacteria may be found throughout the site. Functional/structural groups may appropriately contain non-native species if their ecological function is the same as the native species. Perennial and annual forbs can be expected to vary widely in their expression in the plant community based upon departures from average growing conditions.
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
All age classes of perennial grasses should be present during years with average to above-average precipitation, there should be very little recent mortality or decadence apparent in either the shrubs or grasses. During severe (multi-year) drought or insect infestations up to 20% of the winterfat may die. There may be partial mortality of individual bunchgrasses and other shrubs during severe drought.
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter cover ranges from 15 to 20%. Depth should be 1 leaf thickness in the interspaces and from 1/2 - 3/4 inches under perennial plant canopies.
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Annual production in air-dry herbage should be approximately 450 to 500 pounds per acre on an average year. Production could vary from 250 to 800 pounds per acre during drought or above-average years.
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Russian thistle, annual bromes and halogeton are most likely to invade this site.
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All perennial plant species have the ability to reproduce in most years except drought years. There are no restrictions on either seed or vegetative reproduction. Some seedling recruitment of major species may be present during average or above average years.

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