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Draft. A draft ecological site description is either incomplete or has not undergone quality control and quality assurance review.
Associated sites
R019XD047CA Coastal Terrace 14-16" p.z.
Coastal Terrace 14-16" p.z. lies geographically below this site, and has level topography with higher annual productivity.
Similar sites
R019XD053CA Coastal Bluff 14-16" p.z.
Coastal Bluff 14-16" p.z. is a more erodible site and has giant coreopsis in the plant community.
R019XD045CA Shaly Loam 16-20" p.z.
Shaly Loam 16-20" p.z. is located on inland hills and is more productive.
R019XD032CA Shallow Loam 18-22" p.z.
Shallow Loam 16-20" p.z. is located on inland hills.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub (1) Eriogonum cinereum
(2) Opuntia littoralisHerbaceous Not specified
Physiographic features
This site is found on hills and mountains on predominantly south-facing slopes. Slopes range from 5 to 75%, but 30 to 50% slopes are most typical. Elevations are from 10 to 1550 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Hill
(2) Mountain
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 10 – 1550 ft Slope 5 – 75 % Aspect S Climatic features
This site receives slightly less annual rainfall than the more inland sites due to movement of hot and cold air masses and pressure systems influenced by the ocean and surrounding mountains. Roughly 94% of yearly precipitation falls form November through April. The driest months are June, July and August, with those months historically receiving trace amounts of rainfall. The average annual precipitation ranges from 14 to 18 inches. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 60 to 64 degrees F.
There are no reliable climate stations for this specific ecological site. The two stations listed (Oxnard and Los Angeles Civic Center) are on the extreme northwest and southwest of the area.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 350 days Freeze-free period (average) 0 days Precipitation total (average) 20 in BarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
This site is not influenced by wetland or riparian water features.
Soil features
This ecological site is associated with the Chumash soil series. The Chumash soils are very shallow and shallow to soft bedrock, well drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium derived from shale and sandstone. They are classified as Loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic, shallow Typic Xerorthents. The surface and subsurface texture is a gravelly loam to 7 inches. Below 7 inches, is a highly fractured, bedded, weathered shale with fractures 1 to 3 inches apart. There is about 10 to 15 percent soil in fractures with common very fine roots. The depth to bedrock ranges from 4 to 14 inches.
This ecological site has been correlated with the following map units and soil component:
SSA Map Unit Component Percent
CA692 100 Chumash 35
CA692 101 Chumash 35
CA692 110 Chumash 30
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Gravelly loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderate Soil depth 4 – 14 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 5 – 20 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)0.71 – 1.13 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)6.6 – 7.3 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)5 – 20 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)15 – 30 % Ecological dynamics
The historical and potential natural community for this ecological site is a coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum cinereum) and California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) plant community. It part of the California sagebrush series, but has less cover of California sagebrush than the Coastal Scrub (R020XD039CA), and Coastal Terrace (R020XD047CA) ecological sites. Coastal pricklypear (Opuntia littoralis), common deerweed (Lotus scoparius), and chaparral yucca (Hesperoyucca whipplei) distinguish this site from the others. This ecological site is found on the coastal mountain slopes, just above the coastal terraces.
The southern California sagebrush plant communities are considered threatened by California Department of Fish and Game, and are a home to 100 or more potentially threatened or endangered species. The California sagebrush communities are the main habitat for the California gnatcatcher which is listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Urban development and invasion of non-native species are the main threats to these plant communities.
California sagebrush communities can perpetuate themselves without much disturbance. Stands can be greater than 60 years old with out encroachment of chaparral species or stand senescence. California sagebrush can produce seedlings in the absence of fire. So the stand can continue to renew itself. However, human caused disturbances have brought change to California sagebrush communities. The introduction of non-native annual grasses and forbs and an increased fire frequency have caused some sagebrush communities to convert to annual grasslands.
The primary natural disturbance to this community is lightning-ignited fire. The historic fire interval for California sagebrush is difficult to determine, but several reports indicates a range between 20 to 100 years (Hauser, 2006). Fire frequencies have increased in recent times due to human ignited fires and the increased flammability and continuity of the non-native annual grasses. One fire study in the Santa Monica Mountain sagebrush communities concluded that the average fire return interval was 14 years between 1909 and 1977 (Hauser, 2006).
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 3. Shallow Coastal Scrub State and Transition Model
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Coastal buckwheat California sagebrush Scrub with non-native species 2.1Community 1.1
Coastal buckwheat California sagebrush Scrub with non-native species 2.1This plant community is the reference community for this ecological site and it is dominated by Coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum cinereum), common deerweed (Lotus scoparius), purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra), coastal pricklypear (Opuntia littoralis), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), California brittlebush (Encelia californica), and lemonade sumac (Rhus integrifolia).
This community may exist for many years without disturbance, because these shrubs continually produce seedlings and new basal spouts, even in the absence of fire. However moderate and high severity fires are a natural part of this ecosystem, and when they occur, it initiates (pathway 2.1a) stand regeneration.
Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
State 2
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub 1.1Community 2.1
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub 1.1The historic California sagebrush community associated with this ecological site was dominated by Coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum cinereum), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra), with some common deerweed (Lotus scoparius), coastal pricklypear (Opuntia littoralis), California brittlebush (Encelia californica), chaparral yucca (Hesperoyucca whipplei) and lemonade sumac (Rhus integrifolia). There is very little information on the historic plant community. The historic community probably had more diversity of native annuals and perennials, than are present today. Overall cover may have been higher, with less coastal pricklypear and chaparral yucca.
Historically this community may have developed with a fire interval between 35 to 100 years. Fire is the natural cause of regeneration initiating community pathway 1.1, to the regeneration community.
State 3
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub regeneration 1.2Community 3.1
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub regeneration 1.2After a canopy fire native annuals and perennials are dominant for approximately two to three years. California sagebrush is considered a weak sprouter after fire. Resprouting ability is better in younger sagebrush shrubs and with low to moderate intensity fires. In one study in the Santa Monica Mountains, there were very few sagebrush seedlings the first year after the fire, but the resprouting shrubs produced abundant seed the first year. The following year many seedlings were present (Hauser, 2006). Some sagebrush seeds germinate better with the presence of charred wood leachate. Most shrub and subshrubs found in this community have similar regeneration characteristics as described for the California sagebrush.
State 4
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub regeneration with non-natives 2.2Community 4.1
Coastal buckwheat- California sagebrush scrub regeneration with non-natives 2.2After a fire, this diverse and short lived community develops. Several native "fire follower" species germinate from seeds that have been lying dormant in the soil more many years. Coastal buckwheat (Eriogonum cinereum), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), and purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra) can resprout after fire. These species also regenerate from seed.
A study concerning the suppression of California sagebrush regeneration by annual grasses showed that the sagebrush had difficulty competing with the non-native grasses during germination and the first season of growth, most likely due to limited water resources. Annual grass roots are closer to the soil surface making them capable of taking up water before the sagebrush roots, which are commonly deeper in the soil surface. Annuals also tend to utilize soil water earlier in the season and more efficiently, leaving the soil depleted for the sagebrush. By the second year, the California sagebrush that survived has a more established root system and the annual grasses have less of an affect on sagebrush growth (Eliason and Allen). This annual grasses may have a similar effect to the other native species associated with this site.
The natural pathway for this community is with growth and time to a developed sagebrush community (2.1).
If fire becomes too frequent the non-native annual grasses gain dominance, and this community transitions to state 3.
State 5
Non-native annual grasses and forbs State 3Community 5.1
Non-native annual grasses and forbs State 3This community develops when fire frequency or other disturbances such as heavy grazing have allowed the annual grasses to establish and dominate. The shallow soils on this site are not the ideal soils for a dense grassland community, however there is still potential for the annual grasses to interfere with the regeneration and productivity of native species. Wild oat (Avena fatua) often dominates the annual grasslands with ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus ssp. rigidus), slender oat (Avena barbata), Spanish brome (Bromus madritensis), and soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus). Other species often present include: Darnel ryegrass (Lolium temulentum), storksbill (Erodium spp.), common barley (Hordeum vulgare), mouse barley (Hordeum murinum), sweetclover (Melilotus spp.), timothy (Phleum spp.), mustard (Brassica nigra), yellow star-thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), Maltese star-thistle (Centaurea melitensis), Salsola tragus (prickly Russian thistle) and a variety of other native and non-native species.
The annual grasses compete directly with native species for water and nutrients. The annual grasses create a continuous and easily ignitable fuel source, which increases the fire frequency. Native resprouting species cannot continue to resprout with frequent fire fires, and will not replenish the seed bank or create new seeds if they have not had enough time to mature. The length of time needed for this community to properly regenerate has not been determined. Some reports state that fire intervals less than 40 years will cause a significant decline in California sagebrush communities in 100 years, while others say a 20 year fire interval is actually appropriate, and less than 10 year intervals are detrimental (Hauser, 2006).
Restoration of this site would be difficult, but should focus on the reintroduction of native species, restoring longer fire frequencies, and eliminating non-native species.
Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Shrub/Vine1 Shrubs 400–1200 coastal buckwheat ERCI5 Eriogonum cinereum 125–400 – common deerweed LOSC2 Lotus scoparius 50–160 – coastal pricklypear OPLI3 Opuntia littoralis 50–160 – lemonade sumac RHIN2 Rhus integrifolia 25–80 – coastal sagebrush ARCA11 Artemisia californica 25–80 – California brittlebush ENCA Encelia californica 25–80 – Grass/Grasslike2 grass 50–160 purple needlegrass NAPU4 Nassella pulchra 50–160 – Table 6. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
California sagebrush provides shade and nesting habitat for small birds, mammals, amphibians, and arthropods(Hauser, 2006).
California sagebrush provides habitat for Bell's sage sparrow, a bird species listed as a Species of Special Concern, and the California gnatcatcher which is found almost exclusively in California sagebrush-dominated communities (Hauser, 2006).
Recreational uses
This area often has excellent ocean views and is suitable for hiking, biking, and horse riding trails.
Other products
California sagebrush was used by Chumash Indians for a variety of purposes. They used branches for firesticks and arrow foreshafts. Poultices were made for treating headaches. California sagebrush was used for many sacred rituals. Spanish settlers made tea to treat bronchial problems and used it externally as a wash for wounds and swellings (Hauser, 2006).
Other information
California sagebrush can be used for restoration projects. It easily establishes from seed, and can be hydroseeded. It should be planted with a mix which includes commonly associated species (Hauser, 2006).
Supporting information
Other references
Allen E.B.; Eliason, S.A.; Marquez V.J.; Shultz, G.P.; Storms, N.K.; Stylinski, C.D.; Zink, T.A.; and Allen, M.F. What are the Limits to Restoration of Coastal Sage Scrub in Southern California? 2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development in California. J.E. Keeley, M.B. Keeley and C.J. Fotheringham, eds. USGS Open-File Report 00-62, Sacramento, California. In press.
Bowler, P.A. 2000. Ecological restoration of coastal sage scrub and it's potential role in habitat conservation plans. Environmental Management, vol. 26, supplement 1: pgs S85-S96.
Eliason S.A. and Allen, E.B. (1997). Exotic Grass Competition in Suppressing Native Shrubland Re-establishment. Restoration Ecology, September 1997, vol. 5, no.3 pp. 245-255. Blackwell Publishing.
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Artemisia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2005, April 7].
Hauser, A. Scott. 2006. Artemisia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, December 19].
Keeler-Wolf, Todd (1995). Post-Fire Emergency Seeding and Conservation In Southern California Shrublands. Brushfires in California Wildlands: Ecology and Resource Management. Edited by J.E. Keeley and T. Scott. 1995. Internatitional Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, WA.
Keeley, Jon E (2003). Fire and Invasive Plants in California Ecosystems. Fire Management Today, Volume 63, No. 2
Keeley, Jon E. (2002). Native American Impacts on Fire Regimes of the Pacific Coast Ranges. US Government, Journal of Biogeography, 29, p. 303-320. Blackwell Science Ltd.
Keeley, J.E. (2001). Fire and invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. Pages 81–94 in K.E.M. Galley and T.P. Wilson (eds.). Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: the Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Fire Conference 2000: the First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management. Miscellaneous Publication No. 11, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
Keeley, Jon E. and Keeley Sterling C. (1984). Postfire recovery of California Coastal Sage Scrub. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 111, Issue 1 (Jan. 1984) pp. 105-117
McMurray, Nancy E. 1990. Salvia mellifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, October 23].
Minnich, Richard A. and Scott, Thomas A. Wildland Fire and the Conservation of Coastal Sage Scrub. Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside.
Steinberg, Peter D. 2002. Baccharis pilularis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2005, March 3].
Westman, Walter E., 1987. Implications of ecological theory for rare plant conservation in coastal sage scrub. Pages 133-140 in T. S. Elias, editor. Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants: proceedings of a California conference on the conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California.
White, Scott D 1995. Disturbance and Dynamics in Coastal Sage Scrub. Fremontia, Volume 23, No 4. California Native Plant Society.
Contributors
Curtis Talbot, Marchel Munnecke
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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