Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F018XI205CA
Thermic Granitic Foothills
Last updated: 4/24/2024
Accessed: 08/31/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 018X–Sierra Nevada Foothills
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 18, Sierra Nevada Foothills is located entirely in California and runs north to south adjacent to and down-slope of the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (MLRA 22A). MLRA 18 includes rolling to steep dissected hills and low mountains, with several very steep river valleys. Climate is distinctively Mediterranean (xeric soil moisture regime) with hot, dry summers, and relatively cool, wet winters. Most of the precipitation comes as rain; average annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 55 inches in most of the area (precipitation generally increases with elevation and from south to north). Soil temperature regime is thermic; mean annual air temperature generally ranges between 52 and 64 degrees F. Geology is rather complex in this region; there were several volcanic flow and ashfall events, as well as tectonic uplift, during the past 25 million years that contributed to the current landscape.
LRU notes
This LRU (designated XI) is located on moderate to steep hills in the Sierra Nevada Foothills east of Sacramento, Stockton, and Modesto, CA. Various geologies occur in this region: metavolcanics, granodiorite, slate, marble, argillite, schist and quartzite, as well as ultramafic bands to a limited and localized extent. It includes mesa formations from volcanic flows, where vernal pool habitats occur. Soil temperature regime is thermic and soil moisture regime is xeric. Elevation ranges between 300 and 3400 feet above sea level. Precipitation ranges from 14 to 42 inches annually. Most precipitation falls between the months of November and March in the form of rain. Dominant vegetation includes annual grasslands, blue oak (Quercus douglasii), interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), and foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana).
Classification relationships
CLASSIFICATION RELATIONSHIPS
This site is located within M261F, the Sierra Nevada Foothills Section, (McNab et al., 2007) of the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (Cleland et al., 1997), M261Fb, the Lower Foothills Metamorphic Belt Subsection.
Level III and Level IV ecoregions systems (Omernik, 1987, and EPA, 2011) are: Level III, Central California Foothills and Coastal Mountains and Level IV, Ecoregion 6b, Northern Sierran Foothills, Ecoregion 6c, Comanche Terraces.Ecological site concept
This site is found on strongly sloping to steep hills, in granitic parent material. It has a wide range in soil depth classes (moderately deep to very deep). Mean annual precipitation typically ranges from 31 to 51 inches. Elevation ranges from 750 to 2500 feet. Soil temperature regime is thermic.
The soils in this site are susceptible to erosion because of the granitic parent material which may weather into grus. Later states of this ecological site (shrub dominated/annual vegetation or post-fire communities) are more vulnerable to erosion, particularly on the steep portions of the landscape. Loss of topsoil can lead to losses in productivity and the ability to regenerate woodland vegetation. The most common soil components include Ahwahnee and Sierra. Ahwahnee soils have a mollic epipedon, where dense vegetation and organic matter lead to dark A horizons. This soil is moderately deep and classified as a coarse-loamy, mixed active thermic Mollic Haploxeralfs. Sierra soils are very deep which favors tree and shrub production, but these soils are also vulnerable to erosion as explained above. They are classified as fine-loamy, mixed active, thermic Ultic Haploxeralfs.
The dominant vegetation in this ecological site consists of mixed (approximately equal proportions) blue oak (Quercus douglasii) and interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni) and scattered shrubs such as manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia). Herbaceous annual vegetation ranges from sparse to greater than 60% of the annual production, depending on overstory canopy and sunlight availability.Associated sites
R018XI105CA Mesic Steep Convex Slopes bordering thermic
This site commonly occurs nearby.
Similar sites
F018XI204CA North-facing Steep Draws and Hillslopes
Site relationships being developed.
F018XI206CA Clayey Thermic Marble Hills
Site relationships being developed.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree (1) Quercus wislizeni
(2) Quercus douglasiiShrub (1) Arctostaphylos
(2) Heteromeles arbutifoliaHerbaceous (1) Bromus carinatus
Physiographic features
This site occurs on moderate to steep slopes of hills. Slope generally ranges from 4 to 65%. Elevation generally ranges from 750 to 2500 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Foothills > Hill
(2) Foothills > Ridge
Runoff class Medium Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 750 – 2500 ft Slope 4 – 65 % Aspect W, NW, N, S, SW Table 3. Representative physiographic features (actual ranges)
Runoff class Medium Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 120 – 3600 ft Slope 0 – 75 % Climatic features
This ecological site is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, a typical Mediterranean climate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 31 to 51 inches and usually falls from October to April. Mean annual temperature ranges from 55.4 to 59.5 degrees F with 365 frost free days.
Table 4 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 180-310 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) 290-370 days Precipitation total (characteristic range) 30-50 in Frost-free period (actual range) 160-350 days Freeze-free period (actual range) 260-370 days Precipitation total (actual range) 30-60 in Frost-free period (average) 250 days Freeze-free period (average) 320 days Precipitation total (average) 40 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) GROVELAND 2 [USC00043669], Groveland, CA
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(2) CAMP PARDEE [USC00041428], Valley Springs, CA
">Influencing water features
Due to the topographic position, this site does not have water features or wetlands.
Wetland description
N/A
Soil features
The soils in this ecological site are formed from the colluvium and residuum of granodioritic rock. The typical depth range is from moderately to very deep, the particle size control sections are coarse-loamy to fine-loamy, and surface textures include coarse sandy loams, sandy loams and loams. These soils can be as shallow as 23 inches and as deep as 66 inches. The bedrock, when observed, is a restrictive paralithic contact. Gravels (< 3 inch diameter) on the surface range from 0 to 15%, while larger fragments (=> 3 inch diameter) occupy between 0 and 5% cover. Below the soil surface gravels range from 0 to 10% by volume and larger fragments range from 0 to 5%. The soils in this ecological site are well drained and the permeability class ranges from moderate to rapid. Available Water Capacity (AWC) ranges from 2 to 6.1 inches (in accordance with depth). Surface pH ranges from 5.8 to 6.5 while subsurface reaction is from 5.7 to 6.3.
The most common soils correlated to this ecological site are Sierra and Flanly which are both fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Haploxeralfs, as well as Ahwahnee, a Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Mollic Haploxeralf. Sierra is deep to very deep while Flanly and Ahwahnee are moderately deep.Table 5. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Residuum – granitoid
(2) Colluvium – granitoid
Surface texture (1) Sandy loam
(2) Loam
(3) Coarse sandy loam
Family particle size (1) Fine-loamy
(2) Coarse-loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderate to rapid Depth to restrictive layer 23 – 66 in Soil depth 23 – 66 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 15 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 5 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)2 – 6.1 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-10in)5.8 – 6.5 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(0-60in)0 – 10 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(0-60in)0 – 5 % Table 6. Representative soil features (actual values)
Drainage class Moderately well drained to somewhat excessively drained Permeability class Moderately slow to rapid Depth to restrictive layer 10 – 84 in Soil depth 10 – 84 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 40 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 34 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)0.9 – 7.7 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-10in)4.7 – 7.7 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(0-60in)0 – 54 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(0-60in)0 – 54 % Ecological dynamics
Community pathways and Transitions
T1.a This transition occurs after decades of little to no disturbance agents (including management) which builds up fuels. A high severity, stand replacing fire may then trigger an abrupt change in plant/animal communities and hydrological and nutrient cycling. Shrubs adapted to the new fire regime, sprout and seed at a much higher rate than the tree component.
T1.b This transition occurs after active grazing and/or brush management suppresses woody vegetation, resulting in loss of overstory trees and a dominance of annuals.
T1.c This transition occurs as undesirable invasive annual grasses and forbs gain a foothold (> 25% cover).
1.1a Time without fire or other disturbances.
1.1b This community pathway occurs following a moderate intensity fire promoting a sprouting response from trees.
1.1c Low intensity fire or severe grazing, which opens up the community and reduces woody vegetation.
1.2a Time without fire or other disturbances.
1.2b Reburn after 10 years or less. Note that requent of burns may cross threshold T1.b.
1.3a This community pathway occurs over time as woody vegetation (sprouts and seedlings) attain heights above browsing line.
1.4a This community pathway occurs with windfall events, localized insect outbreaks, or patchy fire dynamics.
T2.a This transition occurs with active (often repeated) brush management or annual burning/chemical treatment.
R2.a This restoration pathway occurs after active brush management, chemical treatment, followed up with tree planting.
2.1a This community pathway occurs following a high intensity wildfire.
2.2a This community pathway occurs over time with no management action.
T3.a This transition occurs after invasive plants posing extreme economic/environmental issues become established.
R3.a This restoration pathway occurs with tree planting, often requires shade screens, and seedling protection from browsers to be successful.
Community pathways and Transitions cont.
3.1a This community pathway occurs as forbs become more dominant, often following low winter precipitation and reduced litter layers.
3.2a This community pathway occurs as grasses become more dominant, often in response to higher litter levels.
R4.a This restoration pathway occurs with integrated weed management. May require mowing, herbicides, and/or biological control.
R4.b This restoration pathway occurs with integrated weed management. May require mowing, herbicides, and/or biological control.
4.1a This community pathway occurs as invasive forb species become dominant.
4.2a This community pathway occurs as invasive grass species become dominant.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagramMore interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Representative StateCommunity 1.1
Representative plant community
QUWI2, QUDO, QUKE and PISA2 (often > 50 ft tall) and shrubs such as ARCTO3, CECU, HEAR5 and TODI make up 25 % cover). Openings between shrubs with annual herbaceous grasses and forbs.
Community 1.2
Post-fire community (after 5 years)
QUWI2 and QUDO cover are each less than 15%. Resprouts of trees/shrubs begin to self thin and early succession forbs/grasses become less common Shrubs such as ARCTO3, CECU or RHAMN may add up to 5-10 % cover. Dense annual grasses and forbs in understory.
Community 1.3
Post-fire community (2-5 years following)
Only scattered islands of trees/shrubs survive. Many fire dependent forbs appearing over the 2-3 years and some regeneration of pines. Prolific shrub and oak sprouting
Community 1.4
Mature Oak/Pine/shrub
QUWI2, QUDO, QUKE and PISA2 (often > 80 ft tall) and shrubs such as ARCTO3, CECU, RHAMN, HEAR5 and TODI (< 50% cover). Herbaceous cover is generally low.
Pathway 1.1c
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Representative plant community
Post-fire community (after 5 years)Low intensity fire or severe grazing, which opens up the community and reduces woody vegetation.
Pathway 1.1b
Community 1.1 to 1.3
Representative plant community
Post-fire community (2-5 years following)This community pathway occurs following a moderate intensity fire promoting a sprouting response from trees.
Pathway 1.1a
Community 1.1 to 1.4
Representative plant community
Mature Oak/Pine/shrubTime without fire or other disturbances.
Pathway 1.2a
Community 1.2 to 1.1
Post-fire community (after 5 years)
Representative plant communityTime without fire or other disturbances.
Pathway 1.2b
Community 1.2 to 1.3
Post-fire community (after 5 years)
Post-fire community (2-5 years following)Reburn after 10 years or less. Note that requent of burns may cross threshold T1.b.
Pathway 1.3a
Community 1.3 to 1.2
Post-fire community (2-5 years following)
Post-fire community (after 5 years)This community pathway occurs over time as woody vegetation (sprouts and seedlings) attain heights above browsing line.
Pathway 1.4a
Community 1.4 to 1.1
Mature Oak/Pine/shrub
Representative plant communityThis community pathway occurs with windfall events, localized insect outbreaks, or patchy fire dynamics.
State 2
Shrub Chaparral StateCommunity 2.1
Mature shrub chaparral
This community phase is made of ARCTO3, HEAR5 or ADFA (> 30%). These shrubs can exceed hts of 15 ft. Some annual grasses and forbs in understory. Very few oaks or if present, suppressed in understory
Community 2.2
Post-fire burn shrub community
Community dominated by sprouting shrubs and new seedlings. Annual grasses and forbs abound.
Pathway 2.1a
Community 2.1 to 2.2
Mature shrub chaparral
Post-fire burn shrub communityThis community pathway occurs following a high intensity wildfire.
Pathway 2.2a
Community 2.2 to 2.1
Post-fire burn shrub community
Mature shrub chaparralThis community pathway occurs over time with no management action.
State 3
Annual Grassland StateCommunity 3.1
Grass-dominated system
This community phase is dominated by annual grasses, such as AVFA, BROMU, HORDE, and VULPI.
Community 3.2
Forb-dominated system
This community phase is dominated by annuals, such as ERODI, GALIU, and TRIFO species.
Pathway 3.1a
Community 3.1 to 3.2
Grass-dominated system
Forb-dominated systemThis community pathway occurs as forbs become more dominant, often following low winter precipitation and reduced litter layers.
Pathway 3.2a
Community 3.2 to 3.1
Forb-dominated system
Grass-dominated systemThis community pathway occurs as grasses become more dominant, often in response to higher litter levels.
State 4
Invaded Understory StateCommunity 4.1
Grass-dominated
TACA8 and/or AETR, > 25 % cover.
Community 4.2
Forb-dominated- no photoCESO3 or MEPO3 > 25 % cover.
Pathway 4.1a
Community 4.1 to 4.2This community pathway occurs as invasive forb species become dominant.
Pathway 4.2a
Community 4.2 to 4.1This community pathway occurs as invasive grass species become dominant.
Transition T1.a
State 1 to 2This transition occurs after decades of little to no disturbance agents (including management) which builds up fuels. A high severity, stand replacing fire may then trigger an abrupt change in plant/animal communities and hydrological and nutrient cycling. Shrubs adapted to the new fire regime, sprout and seed at a much higher rate than the tree component.
Transition T1.b
State 1 to 3This transition occurs after active grazing and/or brush management suppresses woody vegetation, resulting in loss of overstory trees and a dominance of annuals.
Transition T1.c
State 1 to 4This transition occurs as undesirable invasive annual grasses and forbs gain a foothold (> 25% cover).
Restoration pathway R2.a
State 2 to 1This restoration pathway occurs after active brush management, chemical treatment, followed up with tree planting.
Transition T2.a
State 2 to 3This transition occurs with active (often repeated) brush management or annual burning/chemical treatment.
Restoration pathway R3.a
State 3 to 1This restoration pathway occurs with tree planting, often requires shade screens, and seedling protection from browsers to be successful.
Transition T3.a
State 3 to 4This transition occurs after invasive plants posing extreme economic/environmental issues become established.
Restoration pathway R4.b
State 4 to 1This restoration pathway occurs with integrated weed management. May require mowing, herbicides, and/or biological control.
Restoration pathway R4.a
State 4 to 3This restoration pathway occurs with integrated weed management. May require mowing, herbicides, and/or biological control.
Additional community tables
Table 7. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 1.4 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 3.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 15. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 16. Community 4.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Inventory data to be collected using future projects based on priorities.
References
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Natural Resources Conservation Service. . National Ecological Site Handbook.
Other references
Other References
Abrams, M.D. 1990. Adaptations and responses to drought in Quercus species of North America. Tree Physiology 7(1-4): 227-238.
Bartolome, J. W. 1987. California annual grassland and oak savannah. Rangelands 9:122-125.
Bolsinger, C. L. 1988. The hardwoods of Califonia’s timberlands, woodlands, and savannas. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA.
Callaway, R.M. 1992. Morphological and physiological responses of three California oak species to shade. International Journal of Plant Science. 153(3): 434-441.
Fryer, J.L. 2007. Quercus douglasii. In: Fire Effects Information System (Online) USDA, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab (Producer). Accessed: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/[March 22, 2018]
Fryer, J.L. 2012. Quercus wislizeni. In: Fire Effects Information System (Online) USDA, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab (Producer). Accessed: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/[March 22, 2018]
Green, L.R. 1980. Prescribed Burning in California Oak Management. In: Plumb, T.R. tech. coordinator. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology, Management, and Utilization of California Oaks; 1979 June 24-26; Claremont, CA. GTR PSW-44 Berkeley, CA: USDA, Forest Service Forest and Range Experiment Station: 136-142.
Hickman, G.W., Perry, E.J. and R.M. Davis. 2011. Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees. University of California. Integrated Pest Management Program. Agriculture and Natural Resources. Pest Notes 74109.
Howard, J.L. 1992. Pinus sabiniana. In: Fire Effects Information System. (Online) USDA, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab (Producer). Accessed: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/[April 20, 2017]
Jackson, L. 1985. Ecological origins of California’s Mediterranean grasses. Journal of
Biogeography 12:349-361.
Keeley, J. E., Lubin, D. and Fotheringham, C. J. 2003. Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the southern Sierra Nevada. Ecological Applications 13:1355-1374.
McDonald, P.M. 1990. Quercus douglasii Hook & Arn. Blue oak. In: Burns, Russell M; Honkala, Barbara H, tech. cords. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2: Hardwoods. Agricultural Handbook 654. Washington DC: USDA, Forest Service: 631-639.
Pavlik, B.M., Muick, P.C., Johnson, S.G and M. Popper. 1991. Oaks of California. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press. 184 p.
Perakis, S.S. and C.H. Kellogg. 2007. Imprint of oaks on nitrogen availability and delta N-15 in California grassland-savanna: a case of enhanced N inputs? Plant Ecology 191: 209-220.
Staniford, R., McDouglad, N., Frost, W., and R. Phillps. 1997. Factors influencing the probability of oak regeneration on southern Sierra Nevada woodlands in California. Madrono 44(2): 170-183.
Stewart, O. C., H. T. Lewis (ed.) and M. K. Anderson (ed.) 2002. Forgotten fires: Native Americans and the transient wilderness. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, OK.
Swiecki, T.J., Bernhardt, E.A. and C. Drake. 1997. Factors affecting blue oak sapling recruitment. In: Philsbury, N.H., Verner, J., Tietje, W.D., technical coordinators. Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management and Urban Interface Issues. 1996 March 19-22, San Luis Obispo, CA. PSW-GTR-160. Albany, CA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific southwest Research Station: 157-167.
Tietje, W.D, Vreeland, J.K. and W.H. Weitkamp. 2001. Live oak saplings survive prescribed fire and sprout. California Agriculture 55(2): 18-22.
USDA, Forest Service, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. 2012. Information from LANDFIRE on fire regimes of California oak woodlands. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/fire_regimes/CA_oak_woodlands/all.html[2018, March 21].Contributors
K. Moseley
Dallas Glass
Andrew BrownApproval
Kendra Moseley, 4/24/2024
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 08/31/2026 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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