Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R011XY027ID
Wet Meadow Carex-Juncus
Last updated: 4/06/2020
Accessed: 08/29/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 011X–Snake River Plains
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 011X – Snake River Plains
Precipitation or Climate Zone: Additional moisture siteClassification relationships
Land Resource Region: B (Northwest Wheat and Range)
MLRA: 11 (Snake River Plains)
EPA Eco Region: Level III (Snake River Plain)Ecological site concept
Site does receive additional moisture
Soils are:
Not saline or saline sodic
Site is poorly drained, with a high water table at the beginning of the growing season.
Deep, with <35% coarse fragments (by volume). Not skeletal
Not strongly or violently effervescent in the surface mineral 10”
Textures range from silty clay loam to clay in the surface mineral 4”
Slope is <30%Associated sites
R011XY015ID Loamy Bottom 8-14 PZ ARTRT/LECI4
R011XY019ID Meadow DECA18-CANE2
R011XY020ID Dry Meadow POSE-PHAL2
Similar sites
R011XY019ID Meadow DECA18-CANE2
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous Not specified
Physiographic features
This site generally occurs on nearly level slopes of 0 to 4 percent. The surface is not flat, but slightly undulating with small depressions and high spots. Elevations range between 2000 to 5000 feet (600 to 1550 meters). These sites are associated with gently sloping to nearly level stream valleys and high mountain valleys on flood plains. It also occurs around localized seeps and springs. This site is frequently dissected by old stream courses, oxbows, and potholes.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Stream terrace
(2) Mountain valley
(3) Oxbow
Flooding duration Brief (2 to 7 days) to long (7 to 30 days) Flooding frequency Occasional to frequent Ponding duration Brief (2 to 7 days) to long (7 to 30 days) Ponding frequency Occasional to frequent Elevation 2000 – 5000 ft Slope 0 – 4 % Ponding depth 2 – 10 in Water table depth 0 – 20 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
MLRA 11 is part of Idaho’s Snake River Plain. The elevation ranges from 2,077 to 7,549 feet, with a mean of 3,992 feet. Most of the precipitation falls as rain in the fall, winter and spring. Very little precipitation occurs during the summer months. In general this MLRA receives more sun than the U.S. average during the summer, but less than average during the winter.
The average annual precipitation is 10.01 inches (based on 10 long term climate stations located throughout the MLRA), with minimum and maximum values of 8.38 and 11.62 inches, respectively.
The average annual temperature ranges from 38° to 65° Fahrenheit. With a maximum average temperature of 65 degrees F. and a minimum average of 38 degrees F. The frost free interval ranges from 139 to 165 days and the freeze free interval ranges from 168 to 196 days.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 170 days Freeze-free period (average) 200 days Precipitation total (average) 10 in BarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
Wet Meadow site is influenced by additional water from either adjacent streams through seasonal flooding, water table, seeps or springs or from run-on from adjacent sites. The site may include the following wetlands and stream types.
Soil features
Soils on this site are mainly clays, clay loams, or silty clay loams over 40 inches deep, alluvial in origin and may be somewhat stony or gravelly. The soils range from slightly alkaline to slightly acid in pH. The available water holding capacity (AWC) is moderate to high and is supplemented by upward capillary movement from the shallow water table. The effective rooting depth is limited by the high water table.
Erosion hazard is slight, however, the peaty and high organic soils tend to hummock severely from trampling. These soils are susceptible to gully formation which intercepts normal overflow patterns and results in site degradation. The soils are poorly drained and have a water table at or near the surface at the beginning of the growing season that moves down to a depth of 10 to 20 inches by the end of the growing season. Flooding is occasional to frequent during snowmelt and just after snowmelt. Ponding can occur in small depressional areas during this time period. The plant community is dependent on nearly saturated or saturated soils during a major portion of the growing season. The water table is influenced by seasonal flooding, stream flows, seeps or springs or from run-on from adjacent sites. Soil characteristics, flooding, and water table can vary within a landscape delineation.
Soil Series Correlated to this Ecological Site -
No data
Ecological dynamics
The dominant visual aspect of this site is sedges and rushes with scattered forbs. If shrubs are present, they occur in small amounts. Typically, the soil surface of the site is slightly undulating causing small depressions and high spots with variable soil moisture regimes. The complex of wetland sites that is commonly found in association with this site and the dominant species that occur in those sites are as follows:
1. Marsh site. Deeper depressions with the water table at or near the surface or slightly above the surface for the entire growing season. This site is dominated by broadleaf cattail, hardstem bulrush, and common threesquare.
2. Meadow site. Slightly higher areas that are drier during the growing season. The water table is down to a depth of 20 to 40 inches by the end of the growing season. This site is dominated by tufted hairgrass and Nebraska sedge.
3. Dry Meadow site. Even higher areas that are even drier during the growing season and the water table is > 40 inches deep by the end of the growing season. The plant community is dominated by Nevada bluegrass and alpine timothy.
Composition by weight is 80-90 percent sedges and rushes, 5-15 percent forbs, and less than 0-5 percent shrubs. The depression area plant communities are inclusions and may have sedges and rushes making up nearly 100 percent of the community.
During the last few thousand years, this Wet Meadow site has evolved in a semi-arid climate characterized by dry summers and cold, wet winters. The site has evolved on deep alluvial soils that are saturated to the surface at the beginning of the growing season and move down to a depth of 10-20 inches by the end of the growing season and seasonal flooding. Herbivory has historically occurred on this site at low levels of utilization. Herbivores include pronghorn antelope, mule deer, moose, and Rocky Mountain elk.
Fire has had minor influence on the development of the site. Rare wildfires can occur mid-summer to early fall and are most likely to happen following consecutive drought years. When fires do occur they are usually a result of an adjacent site burning.
The conditions for the plant community of this site are highly variable due to a wide variation of soils, frequency and duration of flooding, water table fluctuations, air and soil temperatures, and competition between mostly rhizomatous plants. These conditions can vary within the site at any given location. At any one point within the site, one species can occupy nearly 100 percent of a small area. Another point nearby, may have another species fully occupying that area. Due to these situations, the plant community in this ESD is written broadly.
The soils within any complex of meadow sites are highly variable. Factors that affect the determination of the site include depth to water table at end of growing season, micro-topography and drainage class. Depth to water table and micro-topography are measurable features. Determination of drainage class requires the use of soil interpretation tables. Other interpretive factors that may be used for site determination are the frequency and duration of flooding and the depth, frequency, and duration of ponding.
Micro-topography is a feature that has a dramatic affect on depth to water table and the resulting plant communities. A few inches of change in surface elevation changes species composition and/or production. Slightly undulating topography is common in meadow complexes, therefore, more than one site should be expected.
An infinite number of combinations of factors that influence the ecology of potential plant communities exist. For practical purposes, four (4) plant communities where the depth to the water table drives the vegetative composition have been described. They are:
• Dry meadow Water table at >40” at end of growing season
• Meadow Water table at 20-40” at end of growing season
• Wet meadow Water table at 10-20” at end of growing season
• Marsh Water at surface toState and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textState 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
State 1 Phase ACommunity 1.1
State 1 Phase AReference Plant Community Phase. This plant community is dominated by Northwest sedge and beaked sedge with a variety of other sedges and rushes occurring in minor amounts. These will occur in variable amounts at any one location due to variations in soil and water conditions as stated above. A variety of forbs also occur in the plant community in minor amounts. Willows and shrubby cinquefoil may occur in small amounts.
Figure 3. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0414 , MEADOW. State 1.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 0 5 10 20 35 20 10 0 0 0 State 2
State 1 Phase BCommunity 2.1
State 1 Phase BThis plant community is dominated by Nebraska sedge and Baltic rush. There are several other sedges in the community but in reduced amounts. Forbs have increased in the community and Kentucky bluegrass may have invaded. This phase has developed due to improper grazing management. The water table has not been lowered from that of Phase A.
Figure 4. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0414 , MEADOW. State 1.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 0 5 10 20 35 20 10 0 0 0 State 3
State 2Community 3.1
State 2This plant community is dominated by Nebraska sedge and Baltic rush, but the overall production potential of the site is much lower than State 1. There is an increase in forbs and grasses that require less soil moisture. Kentucky bluegrass, redtop bentgrass and meadow foxtail may have invaded the community. This state developed due to continued improper grazing management and a permanent lowering of the water table from 10 - 20 inches to 20-40 inches below the surface. This state can be similar to the Meadow site in early seral status. The site has crossed the threshold. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table. This might be done over time using structures or bio-engineering practices, but the plant community may take many years to approach the plant community in State 1.
Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0415 , DRY MEADOW - early to mid seral. State 2.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 0 10 20 25 25 10 10 0 0 0 State 4
Unknown New SiteCommunity 4.1
Unknown New SiteThis plant community has gone over the threshold to a new site. Site potential has been reduced. Significant loss of available soil moisture has occurred due to further lowering of the water table. Some soil loss from the surface has occurred. This state has developed due to continued improper grazing management and lowering of the water table to greater than 40 inches. The new site may be similar to Dry Meadow site in early seral status or upland sites such as Loamy Bottom or other loamy sites. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table. This might be done over time using structures or bio-engineering practices, but the plant community may take many years to approach the plant community in State 1.
Additional community tables
Table 4. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 5. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 6. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 7. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Wildlife Interpretations.
Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations
This wet meadow ecological site provides diverse habitat for wetland and upland wildlife species. The site’s long duration hydrology results in abundant forage and seasonal water attracting invertebrate and vertebrate animals to the ecological site. Important seasonal habitat is provided for over 80% of adjacent rangeland resident and migratory animals including western toad, western rattlesnake, shrews, bats, jackrabbits, ground squirrels, mice, coyote, red fox, badger, sage-grouse, Ferruginous hawk, prairie falcon, horned lark, and western meadowlark. Large herbivore use of this ecological site includes mule deer and pronghorn antelope. Native reptiles and amphibians are reliant on these meadow sites throughout the year. Loss of site hydrology significantly reduces habitat value of the adjacent ecological sites. Open water is seasonal being provided by seasonal runoff, ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, and natural springs.
State 1 Phase 1.1 –Northwest Sedge/ Beaked Sedge/ Sedges/ Rushes Reference Plant Community (RPC): The RPC provides a diversity of grasses and forbs used by native insect communities who assist in pollination of the plant community. The insects are food for the many predator species utilizing the site. The reptile and amphibian community is represented by leopard lizard, western skink, rubber boa, western rattlesnake, western toad, boreal chorus frog, and northern leopard frog. A diverse amphibian population is a key indicator of good ecological health on this site. Loss of hydrology will limit or exclude amphibians from this ecological site. Sage-grouse utilize the meadows as summer and fall brood-rearing habitat. Isolated patches of woody vegetation add horizontal and vertical structure for nesting and roosting sites for resident and migratory avian species. Bird species can include warbling vireo, black-capped chickadee, MacGillivray’s warbler, fox sparrow, song sparrow, common snipe, and long-billed curlew. The plant community supports limited summer and fall forage needs of large mammals (antelope and mule deer). The dominant plant community is not preferred forage for mule deer and antelope. Limited thermal cover for ungulates is provided with isolated patches of woody vegetation within the plant community. A diverse small mammal population including deer mouse, montane vole, and western jumping mouse would utilize the habitat throughout the year.
State 1 Phase 1.2- Nebraska Sedge/ Baltic Rush/ Forbs Plant Community: This plant community is the result of improper grazing management. With the hydrologic conditions similar to Phase 1.1, amphibian use would still occur and prey species would be abundant. Improper grazing management would reduce the habitat cover value for reptiles and amphibians. The plant community provides summer and fall brood-rearing habitat for sage-grouse when sagebrush cover is nearby. Bird species can include warbling vireo, black-capped chickadee, MacGillivray’s warbler, fox sparrow, song sparrow, common snipe, and long-billed curlew. Limited thermal cover for ungulates is provided with isolated patches of woody vegetation. The dominant plant community is preferred forage for deer and elk but with improper grazing management available forage would be reduced in the summer and fall. Small mammal populations and diversity would be reduced under improper grazing management reducing vertical structure and increasing vulnerability to predators.
State 2 – Sedges/ Baltic Rush/ Kentucky Bluegrass/ Forbs Plant Community: This state has developed due to a permanent lowering of the water table and improper grazing management. Loss of historic hydrology has reduced the habitat value for many animals present in State 1. The low vigor and diversity of forbs would support very limited diversity and populations of pollinators. The loss of historic hydrology will limit or exclude use of the site by amphibians and many reptiles. Suitable habitat cover for the northern leopard frog, a species of concern, would not be provided. With improper grazing management the loss of vertical and horizontal structure would reduce diversity and populations of birds identified in State 1. The site would be more suitable for killdeer, western meadowlark, and horned lark. Birds of prey (northern harrier and Cooper’s hawk) may range throughout this area looking for prey species. With improper grazing management forage for ungulates would be available for a shorter duration in the summer and fall. Bat populations and diversity may be reduced by the change in plant community and subsequent reduction in the diversity of insects. Small mammal diversity would shift toward grass seed eating species (deer mouse) due to increased grass species in the plant community.
Grazing Interpretations.
This site is best suited for livestock grazing in the summer and fall. Wet soils can limit grazing opportunities, particularly in the late spring. Avoid heavy, continuous, season-long grazing as this can cause soil damage.
Estimated initial stocking rate will be determined with the landowner or decision-maker. They will be based on the inventory, past use history and type, condition of vegetation, production, season of use and seasonal preference. Calculations used to determine estimated initial stocking rate will be based on forage preference ratings.
Hydrological functions
Soils in this site are generally grouped in hydrologic group D. When hydrologic condition of the vegetative cover is good, natural erosion hazard is slight.
Recreational uses
This site presents an aesthetically pleasing view of lush vegetation consisting primarily of grass-like plants. When livestock or big game are grazing or browsing on the site it presents a pleasant pastoral panorama. Hikers and fisherman often traverse the edges of this site. Picnickers and campers frequent the site in late summer and early fall as sometime adjacent shaded wooded areas become less pleasant on cool days. Vehicular use can be very detrimental to this site with high water table conditions.
Wood products
None.
Other products
None.
Other information
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Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping and other inventory data. Also, field knowledge of range-trained personnel was used. Those involved in developing this site description include: Dave Franzen, co-owner, Intermountain Rangeland Consultants, LLC Jacy Gibbs, co-owner, Intermountain Rangeland Consultants, LLC Jim Cornwell, Range Management Specialist, IASCD Dan Ogle, Plant Materials Specialist, Acting State Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS, Idaho Chris Hoag, Wetland Plant Ecologist, NRCS, Idaho Leah Juarros, Resource Soil Scientist, NRCS, Idaho Lee Brooks, Range Management Specialist, IASCD
Other references
USDA, NRCS.2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov.) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
USDA NRCS. 1992. Major Land Resource Area, Owyhee High Plateau, Range Site Descriptions. Reno, Nevada.
USDA NRCS. Major Land Resource Area, Owyhee High Plateau, Range Site Descriptions. Portland, Oregon.
USDA, Forest Service. 2004. (www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants.).
USDI Bureau of Land Management, US Geological Survey; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agricultural Research Service; Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health. Technical Reference 1734-6; Version 4-2005.
Approval
Kendra Moseley, 4/06/2020
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Dave Franzen and Jacy Gibbs Intermountain Range Consultants 17700 Fargo Rd. Wilder, ID 83676 Contact for lead author Brendan Brazee, State Rangeland Management Specialist USDA-NRCS 9173 W. Barnes Drive, Suite C, Boise, ID 83709 Date 06/18/2009 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
rills do not occur on this site. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
none. Water flows over and through the plant community. Rarely are flows detrimental to the plants. The plants have adapted or evolved with this occurrence. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
neither occurs on this site. Some plants may be hummocked due to trampling damage. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
data is not available. On sites in mid-seral status bare ground may range from 2-10 percent. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
none. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
does not occur. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
fine litter in the interspaces may move 6 feet or more due to seasonal flooding. Litter accumulates on the surface. There is little or no coarse litter developed on the site and it will be removed from the site following seasonal flooding. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
values should range from 3 to 5 but needs to be tested. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
no data. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
rhizomatous sedges and rushes slow run-off and increase infiltration. The total vegetation cover should be >60 percent to optimize infiltration. The plant community does not depend on water infiltration alone, but on the water table. The water table controls rooting depth. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
not present. Compaction layers can develop under stock trails made by livestock going to and from water or from long-term repetitive heavy grazing. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Rhizomatous sedges and rushesSub-dominant:
perennial forbsOther:
shrubsAdditional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
normal mortality of grass and grass-like is slow and occurs as aging plants. This will go unnoticed due to regeneration from roots, seeds or other new plants filling the spaces. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
additional litter cover data is needed but is expected to be 45-60 percent to a depth of 0.5-1.5 inches. Litter accumulates on the soil surface. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
is 4000 pounds per acre (4480 Kg/ha) in a year with normal precipitation and temperatures. Rhizomatous sedges and rushes produce 80-90 percent of the total production, forbs 5-15 percent and shrubs < 5 percent. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
includes whitetop, Leafy spurge, Dock, Canadian thistle, and reed canarygrass. Other invasive species may include redtop and Kentucky bluegrass. At lower elevations, purple loosestrife may invade. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
all functional groups have the potential to reproduce in most years. Most of the plants reproduce vegetatively.
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