Ecological dynamics

The dominant visual aspect of this site is sedges and rushes with scattered forbs. If shrubs are present, they occur in small amounts. The site usually occurs within a complex of wetland sites. The soil surface of the area where the site is found is typically slightly undulating causing small depressions and high spots with variable soil moisture characteristics. The plant communities found on these areas are sites within the complex. Characteristics of these sites are as follows:
The Reference State (State 1), moves through many phases depending on the natural and man-made forces that impact the community over time. State 1, described later, indicates some of these phases. The Reference Plant Community Phase is Phase A. This plant community is dominated by Northwest Territory sedge and beaked sedge with a variety of other sedges and rushes occurring in minor amounts. These will occur in variable amounts at any one location due to variations in soil and water conditions as stated above. A variety of forbs also occur in the plant community in minor amounts. The plant species composition of Phase A is listed later under “Reference Plant Community Phase Plant Species Composition”. The Reference Plant Community Phase is intentionally written broadly, but these species should occur in the plant community in variable amounts.

The total annual production is 4000 pounds per acre (4480 kilograms per hectare) in a normal year. Production in a favorable year is 5000 pounds per acre (5600 kilograms per hectare). Production in an unfavorable year is 3000 pounds per acre (3360 kilograms per hectare). Structurally, rhizomatous grass and grass-like species are very dominant, followed by perennial forbs being more dominant than shrubs.


This site is suitable for big game animals in the late spring, summer, and fall. The site is suitable to livestock grazing in the summer and fall. Wet soils can limit grazing opportunities, particularly early in the year. Soil damage can result from heavy, continuous, season-long grazing by livestock.

This site can be used for hiking, access to fishing, hunting, viewing wildlife and plants, and horseback riding. The wet soils can limit access. Motorized vehicles can be very detrimental to the site due to wet soils.

Due to the deep soils, fertility, inherent high productivity, rhizomatous plants, and relatively flat slopes, the site is fairly resistant to disturbances that can potentially degrade it. Site degradation usually occurs as a result of lowering the water table. This can occur from down cutting of adjacent stream channels or significant run-off following prolonged drought. This can result from on-site improper grazing or off-site conditions in upper watershed. Once adjacent streams down-cut, concentrated flows lower the water table.

Impacts on the Plant Community:

Influence of fire:

This site usually does not burn from wildfire. If a fire occurs, it usually does not adversely affect the plant community. With sufficient moisture, most plants, including shrubs sprout back during the next growing season.

Influence of improper grazing management:

Season-long grazing and/or excessive utilization can be very detrimental to this site. The HCPC sedges and rushes in the plant community will decline in the stand and unpalatable sedges, rushes, and forbs will increase.

Continued improper grazing management will result in a stand of forbs and Kentucky bluegrass with unpalatable sedges and rushes. The reduced ability of the community to withstand seasonal flooding results from continued improper grazing management and/or the potential downcutting of adjacent streams. If downcutting or the initiation of headcuts occurs, both will lower the water table and thus reduce the potential of the site.

Proper grazing management that addresses frequency, duration, and intensity of grazing can maintain the integrity of the plant community and the water table on which it is dependent.

Weather influences:

Because of the deep soils, the influence of the water table, seasonal flooding and run-on, the production of this site changes little during wet or dry precipitation years. The overall plant production can be adversely influenced with prolonged drought. Overall plant composition is normally not affected when perennials have good vigor.

Below normal temperatures in the spring can have an adverse impact on total production regardless of the precipitation. An early, hard freeze can occasionally kill some plants.

Influence of Insects and disease:

Periodic disease and insect outbreaks can affect vegetation health. Mormon cricket and grasshopper outbreaks occur periodically. Outbreaks seldom cause plant mortality since defoliation of the plant occurs only once during the year of the outbreak. An outbreak of a particular insect is usually influenced by weather but no specific data for this site is available.



Influence of noxious and invasive plants:

Annual and perennial invasive species can compete with desirable plants for moisture and nutrients. The result is reduced production and change in composition of the understory. The plants of the HCPC on this site are very competitive against potentially invasive plants.

Influence of wildlife:

This site is important for many species of mammals for food and life cycles. The site is primarily used in the late spring, summer, and fall by big game. Many birds use the site for food, nesting or brood raising in the late spring, summer, and fall. Sage grouse use the site for brood rearing and foraging.
Total numbers are seldom high enough to adversely affect the plant community.

Watershed:

The largest threat to degradation of this site is the lowering of the water table. Off-site conditions can affect the gradient of adjacent stream channels that can affect the water table. If the perennial sedge and rush cover is depleted, down cutting can be accelerated within the site. High run-off events from the adjacent uplands can severely damage or change the normal stream channel on the site. As the water table is lowered, productive potential is lost. Eventually the water table is below the root zone of the adapted sedges and rushes. These are ultimately replaced by perennial forbs and shallow rooted grasses. Extreme down cutting and lowering of the water table can move the site across the threshold to a new, less productive site. Severe down-cutting can result in a plant community that resembles an upland site.

Plant Community and Sequence:

Transition pathways between common vegetation states and phases:

State 1.
Phase A to B. Develops with improper grazing management.
Phase B to A. Results from prescribed grazing.

State 1 Phase A or B to State 2. Develops through permanently lowering the late growing season water table to 20-40 inches. This can occur with continued improper grazing management. It may also occur with prescribed grazing on the site, but channel erosion may continue if poor off-site conditions cause more frequent and/or severe flooding. The site has crossed the threshold. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table.

State 2 to unknown site. Results from continued lowering of the water table to greater than 40 inches through the down cutting of the stream channel. The site retrogresses to a new site with reduced potential due to significant loss of available soil moisture from the lowered water table. It occurs with continued improper grazing management or repeated significant run-off events. The site has crossed the threshold. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table.

Practice Limitations:

There are severe seeding limitations on this site due to wet soils. Hand planting of container plants is an option on degraded sites. Grade stabilization structures may be needed to prevent further down-cutting of the channel. Other options for rehabilitation may include prescribed grazing and off-site livestock water development. Fencing of the site for better livestock control might also be considered.

1. Marsh site. Deep depressions with the water table at or near the surface or slightly above the surface for the entire growing season are co-dominated by cattails and Schoenoplectus species.
2. Meadow site. Slightly higher areas that have the water table at the end of the growing season at 20 to 40 inches are drier during the growing season. The plant community may have tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge and Baltic rush.
3. Dry Meadow site. The transition zone to upland sites has water tables below 40 inches or a seasonally perched water table. The plant community can have Nevada bluegrass, streambank wheatgrass, meadow foxtail, and basin wildrye.

Composition by weight is 80-90 sedges and rushes, 5-15 percent forbs and less than 0-5 percent shrubs.

In the last few thousand years, the wet meadow site has evolved in a semi-arid climate characterized by dry summers and cold, wet winters. The site has evolved on deep alluvial soils that due to seasonal flooding are saturated to the surface at the beginning of the growing season and moves down to a depth of about 10-20 inches by the end of the growing season. Herbivory has historically occurred on this site at low levels of utilization. Herbivores include pronghorn antelope, mule deer, moose and Rocky Mountain elk.

Fire has had little influence on the development of the site. Rare wildfires can occur following consecutive drought years.

The conditions for the plant community of this site are highly variable due to a wide variation of soils, flooding frequency and duration, water table fluctuations, air and soil temperatures and competition between plants that are mostly rhizomatous. These conditions can vary within the site at any given location. At any one point within the site, one species can occupy nearly 100 percent of a small area. Another point nearby, may have another species fully occupying that area. Due to these situations, the plant community in this ESD is written broadly.

The soils within any complex of meadow sites are highly variable. Factors that affect the determination of the site include depth to water table at end of growing season, micro-topography and drainage class. Depth to water table and micro-topography are measurable features. Determination of drainage class requires the use of soil interpretation tables. Other interpretive factors that may be used for site determination are depth and duration of ponding frequency and the timing and duration of flooding frequency.

Micro-topography is a feature that has a dramatic effect on depth to water table and the resulting plant communities. A few inches of change in surface elevation changes species composition and/ or production. Slightly undulating topography is common in meadow complexes, therefore, more than one site should be expected.

An infinite number of combinations of factors that influence the ecology of potential plant communities exist. For practical purposes, four plant communities where the depth to the water table drives the vegetative composition have been described. They are:

Dry meadow Water table at >40” at end of growing season
Meadow Water table at 20-40” at end of growing season
Wet meadow Water table at 10-20” at end of growing season
Marsh Water at surface to