Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R010XC057OR
SR Shallow Escarpment
9-12 PZ
Last updated: 3/10/2025
Accessed: 07/24/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 010X–Central Rocky and Blue Mountain Foothills
This MLRA is characterized by gently rolling to steep hills, plateaus, and low mountains at the foothills of the Blue Mountains in Oregon and the Central Rocky Mountains in Idaho. The geology of this area is highly varied and ranges from Holocene volcanics to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Mollisols are the dominant soil order and the soil climate is typified by mesic or frigid soil temperature regimes, and xeric or aridic soil moisture regimes. Elevation ranges from 1,300 to 6,600 feet (395 to 2,010 meters), increasing from west to east. The climate is characterized by dry summers and snow dominated winters with precipitation averaging 8 to 16 inches (205 to 405 millimeters) and increasing from west to east. These factors support plant communities with shrub-grass associations with considerable acreage of sagebrush grassland. Big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue are the dominant species. Stiff sagebrush, low sagebrush, and Sandberg bluegrass are often dominant on sites with shallow restrictive layers. Western juniper is one of the few common tree species and since European settlement has greatly expanded its extent in Oregon. Nearly half of the MLRA is federally owned and managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Most of the area is used for livestock grazing with areas accessible by irrigation often used for irrigated agriculture.
Classification relationships
US National Vegetation Classification:
Note: (this is a the closest approximation, however, this association is described as occuring on deep soils with an Idaho fescue dominated herbaceous component)
Group: G302- Intermountain Mesic Tall Sagebrush Steppe & Shrubland
Alliance: A318-. Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Mesic Steppe & Shrubland Alliance
Association: CEGL001048 - Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis - Peraphyllum ramosissimum / Festuca idahoensis Shrubland
Landfire Biophysical Setting:
0711250: Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush SteppeEcological site concept
In reference condition, this site supports a plant community dominated by Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), with Wild crab apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum) often present. Abiotically, this site is typified by very shallow soils over fractured bedrock on eroded terrace and escarpment landforms. Bedrock fracturing allows for big sagebrush to persist where site conditions would otherwise favor rigid sagebrush (Artemisia rigida). The climate of the site is typified by 9 to 12 inches of annual precipitation, a mesic soil temperature regime and an aridic soil moisture regime. Historical ecological dynamics would have been driven by infrequent fire, insect outbreaks and periodic drought. Presently, livestock grazing and exotic plant invasion have altered ecological dynamics and influence the composition of many of these communities.
Associated sites
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Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub (1) Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis
(2) Peraphyllum ramosissimumHerbaceous (1) Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata
(2) Achnatherum thurberianumPhysiographic features
This site occurs on hillsides, escarpments and eroded terraces. It is largely distributed across the foothills of the Blue mountains at the northern edge of the Great Basin. This site occurs on all aspects and on slopes ranging from 2 to 40 percent. Elevations typically range from 3,400 to 4,100 feet (1,050 to 1,250 meters). No water table is present within the upper 100 inches of soil and the site is not subject to ponding or flooding.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Foothills > Terrace
(2) Foothills > Escarpment
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 3400 – 4100 ft Slope 2 – 40 % Aspect W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW Climatic features
The mean annual precipitation ranges from 9 to 12 inches (230 to 300mm), most of which occurs as snow during October through March. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 49° F (7 to 9.5° C). The average frost-free period is from 80 to 100 days. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the soil moisture regime is aridic. The period of primary plant growth is from April through July. Climate graphs are based on the nearest available climate stations to representative site locations and are provided to indicate general climate patterns.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (characteristic range) 80-100 days Freeze-free period (characteristic range) Precipitation total (characteristic range) 10-10 in Frost-free period (average) 90 days Freeze-free period (average) Precipitation total (average) 10 in Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Characteristic rangeActual rangeBarLineFigure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
BarLineFigure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6 Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
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(1) DREWSEY [USC00352415], Drewsey, OR
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(2) RIVERSIDE 7 SSW [USC00357208], Burns, OR
">Influencing water features
This site is not influenced by adjacent or on site water features.
Wetland description
Not applicable
Soil features
The soils of this site are typically very shallow but may range to shallow. These are well to moderately well drained soils that formed in residuum and loess from tuffaceous rocks, and diatomaceous and lacustrine sediments. The profile contains 10 to 50 percent rock fragments mainly as gravels and cobbles. Percent clay ranges from 12 to 40 percent. The soil surface range from 1 to 5 inches (2.5 to 13 cm) thick and are typically gravelly loams. The subsurface ranges from 4 to 9 inches (10 to 23 cm) thick and are typically loams and gravelly loams. Bedrock is typically paralithic, sedimentary rock with fractures that allow root penetration. Permeability is moderately slow. Shrink-swell potential is moderate. Water erosion potential is high and wind erosion is slight.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Parent material (1) Residuum – tuff
(2) Loess – tuff
(3) Lacustrine deposits – diatomite
(4) Lacustrine deposits
Surface texture (1) Gravelly loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Moderately well drained to well drained Permeability class Moderately slow Depth to restrictive layer 5 – 10 in Soil depth 5 – 10 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 45 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 45 % Available water capacity
(0-20in)0.9 – 1.4 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-20in)6.6 – 7.3 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(0-20in)30 – 90 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(0-20in)0 – 15 % Table 5. Representative soil features (actual values)
Drainage class Not specified Permeability class Not specified Depth to restrictive layer 5 – 20 in Soil depth 5 – 20 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 % Available water capacity
(0-20in)0 in Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-20in)0 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(0-20in)0 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(0-20in)0 % Ecological dynamics
In its reference condition, this site is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis). Wild crab apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum) is a common shrub associate on this site. A diversity of forbs are also often present. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) may be present in trace amounts, but under normal a disturbance regime is controlled by periodic fire.
Variability in site characteristics will alter plant composition. Needlegrasses increase over coarser textured soil surfaces. Wild crab apple increases over fractured soft tuffaceous sedimentary rock and diatomaceous earth. Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) also increases over fractured substratums and on coarse textured soil surfaces. Despite the very shallow soils on this site, paralithic, fractured bedrock allows for Wyoming big sagebrush to persist on the site rather than species typically associated with very shallow soils such as rigid sagebrush.
Wyoming big sagebrush is fire intolerant species that is readily killed by most fires and does not resprout. It will be reduced on a site following fire and may be eliminated with frequent fires. Periodic insect outbreaks of Aroga moth (Aroga websteri) are an important component of the natural disturbance regime for big sagebrush, resulting in complete or partial mortality of sagebrush plants and potentially impacting thousands of acres (Innes 2019). Thurber's needlegrass is considered to be the least fire-resistant needlegrass, Thurber's is often damaged by moderately severe fire. It recovers slowly following fire and regenerates primarily by seed rather than resprouting from crowns (Archer 2000). Bluebunch wheatgrass is considered to be a highly fire adapted grass species with low buds often protected from fire. Recovery following fire is rapid and it often increases relative to other plants post fire, especially after spring burning. While burning may improve the nutritional quality of bluebunch, defoliation during the regeneration period can be very detrimental to the stand and grazing should be avoided immediately after (Zlatnik 1999).
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a native conifer species in western North America but its density and range have dramatically increased since the late 1800s likely due to a combination of factors, namely: reductions in fire frequency; heavy livestock grazing; and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (Fryer and Tirmenstein 2019). Juniper is sensitive to fire and most young trees are killed by even low severity fire. As Juniper trees mature and bark thickens, however, they become resistant to low severity fire yet are still killed by crown fires or high severity surface fires. Encroachment of juniper in the presence of an altered disturbance regime may have consequences for understory plant diversity and production, site hydrology and soil integrity with erosional states possible due to high levels of invasion.
Climate cycles would have been an important driver of ecological dynamics historically, with drought periods possibly leading to reductions in sagebrush cover and wet years increasing fire occurrence due to increased perennial grass production and fine fuels loads. Historically these communities would have likely encountered infrequent mixed and replacement severity fires with an average fire return interval of 50 years (yet with a high degree of variability depending on the site) (Landfire 2007). Livestock grazing has altered the plant community composition of much of the extent of this site.
If the site deteriorates in response to prolonged heavy grazing, big sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) increase in plant density while bluebunch wheatgrass and Thurber's needlegrass decrease. Under an altered disturbance regime and degraded site conditions, invasions of exotic forb species and annual grass species may occur on this site. Exotic annual grasses such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) may invade and become problematic. Exotic annual grass invasion may increase the size and frequency of fires and extend the season when fires are likely by augmenting early season fine fuel loads and fuel continuity. Sites may be particularly fire prone following years of above average precipitation during which invasive annual grass production can increase dramatically (Pilliod et al. 2017). In addition to exotic species, native shrub species such as broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.) may also increase following disturbance and may be important members of early seral communities.
An understanding of the site specific ecological dynamics for this site are incomplete. Thresholds between states and phases have yet to be quantified and restoration pathways and outcomes are not fully understood. Little is known about the ecological dynamics of wild crab apple and how it may respond to disturbance. Current and anticipated effects of climate change are not included in this model, yet this site may experience significant impacts as climate continues to change. The model below represents an approximation of ecological dynamics informed by disturbance response groups described in Stringham et al. 2017 and is likely to undergo refinements and revisions as more data becomes available. The reference plant community described below has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas or areas protected from excess disturbance.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagramMore interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textStates 2 and 5 (additional transitions)
T1A - Introduction of non-native plants T2A - Fire or brush treatment/tree thinning; may be coupled with inappropriate grazing management. T2B - Catastrophic fire, failed rehabilitation attempt, inappropriate grazing management in the presence of non-native annuals or competitive increase in annual grasses through lack of active management. T2C - Time and lack of disturbance allows for maturation of the tree community. May be combined with inappropriate grazing management. R3A - Shrub and tree reduction treatments and seeding of desired native species T3A - Catastrophic fire and/ or failed rehabilitation treatment or combination of both. Inappropriate grazing management in the presence of annual non-native species and competitive increase in annual grasses through lack of active management. T3B - Time and lack of disturbance allows for maturation of the tree community. May be combined with inappropriate grazing management. R3B - Shrub removal treatments and seeding of desired cultivated species. Herbicide may be necessary. R4A - Herbicide of annual species and seeding of desired species; may be coupled with brush management. R5B - Juniper stand removal and seeding of desired cultivated species: herbicide may be necessary. T5A - Juniper stand thinning or removal. R5A - Juniper stand thinning or removal. T5B - Time without disturbance allows for trees to outcompete understory; bare ground allows for excess soil movement. T6A - Catastrophic fire, especially following high shrub and tree fuel accumulation. Inappropriate grazing facilitates decrease in bunchgrasses and increase in non-native annual grasses T6B - Chronic, heavy growing season grazing will decrease bunchgrasses, increase Sandberg bluegrass and shrubs. Severe fire likely following shrub and tree fuel accumulation. T6C - Time without disturbance allows for maturation of tree community. State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A - Low severity fire, high severity fire 1.1B - Time and lack of disturbance 1.2A - Time and lack of disturbance 1.3A - Low severity fire; high severity fire. State 2 submodel, plant communities
2.1A - Low severity fire (ground fire), brush treatments and tree thinning; high severity fire 2.1B - Time and lack of disturbance (fire), drought, and inappropriate grazing management. 2.2A - Time and lack of disturbance 2.3A - Low severity fire (ground fire), brush treatments and tree thinning, high severity fire State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 7 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Historic ReferenceThe Reference State is representative of the natural range of variability for the site under pristine conditions. The Reference State is a bunchgrass shrubland. State dynamics are maintained by interactions between climatic patterns and disturbance regimes. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These are maintained by ecosystem processes and structural elements such as the presence of all structural and functional plant groups, the retention of organic matter and the maintenance of plant community cover. Plant community phase changes are primarily driven by infrequent fire and periodic drought.
Dominant plant species
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Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), shrub
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wild crab apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum), shrub
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bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
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Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), grass
Community 1.1
Reference CommunityThe potential native plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber's needlegrass, wild crab apple and Wyoming big sagebrush. Antelope bitterbrush is also present in the stand. Vegetative composition is about 70 percent grasses, 5 percent forbs and 25 percent shrubs.
Dominant plant species
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Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), shrub
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bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
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Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), grass
Figure 7. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 70 219 290 Shrub/Vine 20 55 73 Forb 10 25 35 Tree 0 1 2 Total 100 300 400 Community 1.2
Perennial Bunchgrasses/ShrubsBluebunch wheatgrass and Thurber's needlegrass are dominant. Big sagebrush decreases. Sprouting shrubs may be increasing.
Community 1.3
Shrubs/JuniperBig sagebrush and other shrubs are dominant. Young juniper may increase. Bluebunch wheatgrass and other perennial grasses decrease.
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2Low severity fire resulting in a mosaic pattern; high severity fire leads to an early- and mid-seral community dominated by grasses and forbs, lacking sagebrush.
Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.3Time and lack of disturbance such as fire facilitates and increase in the shrub overstory.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1Time and lack of disturbance such as fire allows for regeneration of the shrub and tree overstory.
Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.2Low severity fire resulting in a mosaic pattern; high severity fire significantly reduces shrub cover and leads to a community dominated by grasses and forbs.
State 2
Current PotentialThis state is similar to the Reference State. Ecological function has not changed fundamentally, however the resiliency of the site has been reduced by the presence of invasive plants. Additionally, livestock herbivory may be present as a disturbance process and changes in climate may be altering ecological dynamics. Non-native plant species may increase in abundance but will not become dominant or control ecological processes within this state. These species can be highly flammable and can promote fire where historically fire had been infrequent. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These are maintained by ecosystem processes and structural elements such as the presence of all structural and functional groups, and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Positive feedbacks driven by plant community invasion decrease ecosystem resilience and stability of the state. These include exotic plant species' high seed output, persistent seed bank, rapid growth rate, ability to cross pollinate, and adaptations for seed dispersal. Plant community phase changes are primarily driven by infrequent fire, periodic drought, and ungulate herbivory.
Current potential plant communities mirror those of the above Historical Reference (State 1) yet with the addition of a low level of invasive exotic plant invasion and influences of livestock herbivory. Livestock herbivory may result in decreases in deep rooted perennial grasses, and related increases in shallow-rooted perennial grasses (such as Sandberg's bluegrass), unpalatable forbs and shrubs.Dominant plant species
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Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), shrub
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wild crab apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum), shrub
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bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
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Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), grass
Community 2.1
Perennial Bunchgrasses/Sagebrush/AnnualsBluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber's needlegrass, and big sagebrush are dominant. Annual non-native species are present.
Community 2.2
Perennial Bunchgrasses/Shrubs/AnnualsBluebunch wheatgrass and Thurber's needlegrass are dominant. Big sagebrush decreases. Sprouting shrubs may be increasing. Annual non-native species are present.
Community 2.3
Shrubs/Juniper/AnnualsBig sagebrush and other shrubs are dominant. Young juniper may increase. Bluebunch wheatgrass and other perennial grasses decrease. Annual non-native species are present.
Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2Low severity fire (ground fire) resulting in a mosaic pattern, brush treatments and tree thinning would also reduce the overstory allowing the perennial understory to increase; high severity fire significantly reduces sagebrush, and young juniper facilitating perennial bunchgrass understory.
Pathway 2.1B
Community 2.1 to 2.3Time and lack of disturbance such as fire leads to increased shrub and juniper overstory and decreased perennial grass understory; may be coupled with drought and inappropriate grazing management.
Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1Time and lack of disturbance such as fire allows for regeneration of the shrub overstory.
Pathway 2.3A
Community 2.3 to 2.2Low severity fire (ground fire) resulting in a mosaic pattern, brush treatments and tree thinning would also reduce the overstory; high severity fire significantly reduces sagebrush cover and leads to early- and mid-seral community dominated by grasses and forbs.
State 3
ShrubWithin this state, site resources are primarily controlled by shrub species. Native deep-rooted perennial grass composition has been reduced considerably, with shallow-rooted and disturbance adapted grasses such as Sandberg bluegrass increasing. Wyoming big sagebrush dominates the shrub overstory, with rabbitbrush, wild crab apple and antelope bitterbrush sometimes common. Exotic herbaceous species such as cheatgrass and medusahead are likely.
Sagebrush cover has increased beyond the natural range of variability for the site and may be decadent, reflecting stand maturity and lack of seedling establishment due to competition with mature plants. The dominance of site resources by the shrub overstory and Sandberg bluegrass understory leads to a temporal redistribution of soil water, nutrient capture, nutrient cycling and soil organic matter. Bare ground may be significant with soil redistribution occurring between interspace and shrub locations. Western juniper increases and may begin to influence the understory vegetation.Dominant plant species
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Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), shrub
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wild crab apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum), shrub
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rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus), shrub
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antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), shrub
Community 3.1
Shrubs/BluegrassBig sagebrush and other shrubs are dominant. Sandberg bluegrass increases. Perennial bunchgasses are a minor component. Young juniper may be increasing. Non-native annual species are present to increasing.
State 4
AnnualWithin this state, site resources are primarily controlled by exotic annual and perennial herbaceous species. Native perennial grass composition has been greatly diminished. Shrub species and western juniper may also be present.
Multiple plant communities are possible within this state, all of which are dominated by invasive annual grasses such as cheatgrass and medusahead and potentially invasive annual and perennial forbs. Sagebrush, wild crab apple, bitterbrush and rabbitbrush may be common in the overstory. Overtime, with increasing invasion, soil stabilizing perennial root biomass will be decreased. Bare ground will increase during winter, potentially increasing erosion even on this low to moderate slope site during extreme weather events.Dominant plant species
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cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), grass
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medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), grass
Community 4.1
Annuals/Sprouting ShrubsNon-native annual species are dominant. Sprouting shrubs increase and may be dominant in the overstory. Big sagebrush is missing or reduced. Young juniper may be present. Perennial bunchgrasses are a minor component or missing.
State 5
TreeThis state is characterized by a dominance of young juniper (less than 100 years old) in the overstory. Big sagebrush and perennial bunchgrasses may still be present, but they are no longer controlling site resources. Soil moisture, soil nutrients and soil organic matter distribution and cycling have been spatially and temporally altered. Juniper encroachment can decrease cover of perennial grasses and shrubs by reducing light availability and altering site hydrology through increased interception of precipitation, reduced infiltration and increased erosion. Bare ground will increase and erosion may be increased even on this low to moderately sloping site during extreme weather events.
Dominant plant species
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western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
Community 5.1
Juniper WoodlandWestern juniper is dominant. Big sagebrush and other shrubs decrease. Perennial bunchgrasses are a minor component. Sandberg bluegrass may increase. Annual non-native species present to increasing. Bare ground is increasing.
State 6
SeededWithin this state, site resources are primarily controlled by introduced range grasses such as crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium). Multiple community phases may occur within this state and will include different compositions of native and introduced shrub and grass species. Western juniper may be present. Similar to ecological dynamics within other states of this site, shrub species and western juniper will increase with greater time since fire and herbivory pressure. While introduced range grasses may provide some analogous ecological functions to native perennial grasses, they may outcompete native grasses in the long-term.
Dominant plant species
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crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), grass
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intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), grass
Community 6.1
Seeded Grasses/ShrubsSeeded species are dominant, perennial grass component. Big sagebrush and rabbitbrush present to dominant. Annual non-native species often present.Juniper may be present to increasing.
State 7
ErodedThis state is characterized by significant soil loss through wind and water erosion. Most herbaceous cover has been lost and soil stabilizing microbiotic soil crusts are degraded. Loss of these components reduces soil stability and renders the soil surface vulnerable to raindrop impacts, runoff and transport of soil by water and entrainment of soil particles by wind. Extensive areas of erosion pavement are common. Rill and gully formation may occur, especially toward the higher slope range of this site. Positive feedbacks develop as low vegetative cover leads to decreased litter and organic matter production, higher soil temperature variability, and decreased nutrient cycling, further destabilizing soil and decreasing potential plant establishment. Grass and forb vegetative cover is low yet invasive annual plants are likely and juniper cover is likely high. Potential for rehabilitation of this state is unknown but would likely pose significant challenges due to degradation of abiotic function of the site, the susceptibility of soils to erosion and damaging frost heaving, and mechanical limitations due to areas of rock outcrops and slopes.
Dominant plant species
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western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
Community 7.1
Juniper Woodland, ErodedWestern juniper is dominant. Annual non-native species present to dominant. Perennial species trace. Pedestalling, sheet, and rill erosion apparent. Soil redistribution significant.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2Introduction of non-native plants
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3Chronic, inappropriate grazing management reduces perennial grasses and allows for an increase in shrub/tree specie. Fire or brush treatment/tree thinning; may be coupled with inappropriate grazing management. With fire suppression western juniper trees will increase.
Transition T2B
State 2 to 4Catastrophic fire, failed rehabilitation attempt, inappropriate grazing management in the presence of non-native annuals or competitive increase in annual grasses through lack of active management.
Transition T2C
State 2 to 5Time and lack of disturbance allows for maturation of the tree community. May be combined with inappropriate grazing management.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 2Shrub and tree reduction treatments and seeding of desired native species.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 4Catastrophic fire and/ or failed rehabilitation treatment or combination of both. Inappropriate grazing management in the presence of annual non-native species and competitive increase in annual grasses through lack of active management.
Transition T3B
State 3 to 5Time and lack of disturbance allows for maturation of the tree community. May be combined with inappropriate grazing management.
Restoration pathway R3B
State 3 to 6Shrub removal treatments and seeding of desired cultivated species. Herbicide may be necessary.
Restoration pathway R4A
State 4 to 6Herbicide of annual species and seeding of desired species; may be coupled with brush management.
Restoration pathway R5B
State 5 to 3Juniper stand removal and seeding of desired cultivated species: herbicide may be necessary.
Transition T5A
State 5 to 4Juniper stand thinning or removal.
Restoration pathway R5A
State 5 to 6Juniper stand thinning or removal.
Transition T5B
State 5 to 7Time without disturbance allows for trees to outcompete understory; bare ground allows for excess soil movement.
Transition T6A
State 6 to 3Catastrophic fire, especially following high shrub and tree fuel accumulation. Inappropriate grazing facilitates decrease in bunchgrasses and increase in non-native annual grasses
Transition T6B
State 6 to 4Chronic, heavy growing season grazing will decrease bunchgrasses, increase Sandberg bluegrass and shrubs. Severe fire likely following shrub and tree fuel accumulation.
Transition T6C
State 6 to 5Time without disturbance allows for maturation of tree community.
Additional community tables
Table 7. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Perennial Grasses 165–252 bluebunch wheatgrass PSSPS Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata 90–120 – Thurber's needlegrass ACTH7 Achnatherum thurberianum 60–90 – basin wildrye LECI4 Leymus cinereus 9–24 – Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poa secunda 3–9 – squirreltail ELEL5 Elymus elymoides 3–9 – 2 Other Perennial Grasses 0–18 needle and thread HECO26 Hesperostipa comata 0–9 – Indian ricegrass ACHY Achnatherum hymenoides 0–9 – 3 Cusick Bluegrass 0–9 Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poa secunda 0–9 – Forb4 Forbs 9–24 buckwheat ERIOG Eriogonum 3–9 – phlox PHLOX Phlox 3–9 – milkvetch ASTRA Astragalus 3–6 – 5 Other Forbs 0–15 Douglas' dustymaiden CHDO Chaenactis douglasii 0–3 – blepharipappus BLEPH2 Blepharipappus 0–3 – mariposa lily CALOC Calochortus 0–3 – ragwort SENEC Senecio 0–3 – blazingstar MENTZ Mentzelia 0–3 – hawksbeard CREPI Crepis 0–3 – Shrub/Vine7 Shrubs 27–78 Wyoming big sagebrush ARTRW8 Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis 15–30 – wild crab apple PERA4 Peraphyllum ramosissimum 6–24 – antelope bitterbrush PUTR2 Purshia tridentata 6–24 – 8 Other Shrubs 0–6 spiny hopsage GRSP Grayia spinosa 0–3 – yellow rabbitbrush CHVI8 Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus 0–3 – rubber rabbitbrush ERNA10 Ericameria nauseosa 0–3 – horsebrush TETRA3 Tetradymia 0–3 – basin big sagebrush ARTRT Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata 0–3 – Tree6 Trees 0–3 western juniper JUOC Juniperus occidentalis 0–3 – Table 8. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 2.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 15. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 16. Community 6.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 17. Community 7.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
WILDLIFE:
Mule deer, hawks, rodents and songbirds.
This site offers cover and food for mule deer, small mammals, and a variety of birds.
LIVESTOCK GRAZING:
This site is suitable for use by livestock under a planned grazing system. Limitations are low productivity, steep slopes and high susceptibility to erosion..Hydrological functions
The soils of this site are in hydrologic group C. The site has a moderate to high run-off potential and low to moderate infiltration rates.
Wood products
None
Other information
Low available water holding capacity in the surface layer limits seedling survival. Shallow soils limit rooting depths.
Supporting information
References
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NatureServe. 2018 (Date accessed). NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org.. http://explorer.natureserve.org.
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USGS. 2009 (Date accessed). Landfire National Vegetation Dynamics Models. http://www.LANDFIRE.gov/index.php.
Other references
Archer, Amy J. 2000. Achnatherum thurberianum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/graminoid/achthu/all.html [2020, December 9].
Chambers, Jeanne C.; Miller, Richard F.; Board, David I.; Pyke, David A.; Roundy, Bruce A.; Grace, James B.; Schupp, Eugene W.; Tausch, Robin J. 2014. Resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems: Implications for state and transition models and management treatments. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 67(5): 440-454. [89207]
Innes, Robin J. 2019. Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, Wyoming big sagebrush. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arttriw/all.html [2021, February 11].
Pilliod, D., Welty, J.L., & Arkle, R.S. 2017. Refining the cheatgrass–fire cycle in the Great Basin: Precipitation timing and fine fuel composition predict wildfire trends. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 8126 - 8151.
Stringham, T.K, D. Snyder, and A. Wartgow. 2017. Final Report for USFS Crooked River National Grassland State-and-Transition Models for Selected Disturbance Response Groups in Major Land Resource Area B10 Oregon. University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report RR-2017-01. 230 p.
Stringham, T.K., D. Snyder, P. Novak-Echenique, A. Wartgow, A. Badertscher, K. O’Neill. 2019. Great Basin Ecological Site Development Project: State-and-Transition Models for Major Land Resource Area 23, Nevada and Portions of California. University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 2019-01. 605 p.
Tilley, D.J., Ogle, D., St. John, L., Benson, B., 2007. Big Sagebrush Plant Guide. USDA. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho Plant Materials Center. Boise, Idaho.
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch wheatgrass. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/psespi/all.html [2020, December 3].Contributors
2020/2021 update Andrew Neary
Approval
Kirt Walstad, 3/10/2025
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date 03/10/2025 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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PrintThe Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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