Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R009XY004ID
South Slope Loamy
16-22 PZ
Last updated: 9/23/2020
Accessed: 04/22/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Ecological site concept
This ecological site meets the NESH 2014 requirements for PROVISIONAL. A provisional ecological site is established after ecological site concepts are developed and an initial state-and-transition model is drafted. Following quality control and quality assurance reviews of the ecological site concepts, an identification number and name for the provisional ecological site are entered into ESIS. A provisional ecological site may include literature reviews, land use history information, some soils data, legacy data, ocular estimates for canopy and/or species composition by weight, and even some line-point intercept information. A provisional ecological site does not meet the NESH 2014 standards for an Approved ESD, but does provide the conceptual framework of soil-site correlation for the development of the ESD.
Associated sites
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R009XY016ID Loamy 22+ PZ FEID-PSSPS
R009XY001ID Shallow Stony Loam 16-22 PZ
R009XY002ID North Slope Loamy 16-22 PZ
R009XY003ID Loamy 16-22 PZ
R009XY008ID Schist 16-22 PZ PSSPS-FEID
R009XY009ID North Slope Schist 16-22 PZ FEID-PSSPS
Similar sites
R009XY010ID South Slope Schist 16-22 PZ PSSPS-POSE
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub Not specified
Herbaceous (1) Pseudoroegneria spicata
(2) Festuca idahoensisPhysiographic features
This site occurs on hill and mountain side slopes. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent with south and west facing aspects. Elevations range from 1200 to 5000 feet (350 -1550 meters).
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Canyon
(2) Hill
(3) Plateau
Elevation 1200 – 5000 ft Slope 30 – 70 % Water table depth 60 in Aspect S, W Climatic features
The elevation of MLRA 9 ranges from 2000 to 4000 feet with an average elevation of 3000 feet. Elevation along major streams averages only 650 feet above sea level. Average annual precipitation ranges from 20 to 25 inches with an average of 23 based on 9 long term climate stations located throughout the MLRA. Summers are relatively dry while precipitation is evenly distributed between fall, winter, and spring.
The maximum average annual temperature is 58 degrees Fahrenheit while the average minimum temperature is 35 degrees F. The average annual temperature is 46.8 degrees F. The frost free period ranges from 107 to 134 days and the freeze free period ranges from 143 to 173 days.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 130 days Freeze-free period (average) 170 days Precipitation total (average) 30 in BarLineFigure 1. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
This site is not influenced by adjacent wetlands, streams, or run on.
Soil features
The soils of this site are well drained, moderately deep to very deep loams, silt loams, silty clay loams, and clay loams. They have developed from loess and colluvial material. The profile can be skeletal and the surface can be stony. The available water holding capacity (AWC) is low to high. Permeability is moderate to slow. Runoff is rapid to very rapid. The hazard of water erosion is severe to very severe. Rock outcrops can occur in some areas.
Soil Series Correlated to this Ecological Site
Broadax Dragnot(dry)
Linville Ferdinand
Slickpoo McDaniel
Waha Bluesprin
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Sandy loam
(2) Sandy clay loam
(3) Clay loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderate to moderately slow Soil depth 20 – 40 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 25 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 20 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)3 – 7.5 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)Not specified Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)Not specified Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)Not specified Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)5.6 – 7.8 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)15 – 70 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)10 – 45 % Ecological dynamics
The visual aspect is a grassland with bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue the dominant species. Composition by weight is approximately 70 to 80 percent grasses, 15 to 25 percent forbs, and 0 to 7 percent shrubs.
During the last few thousand years, this site has evolved in a semi-arid climate characterized by dry summers and cold, moist winters. Herbivory has historically occurred on this site at low levels of utilization. Herbivores include mule deer, white-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain elk, and lagomorphs.
Fire has historically occurred on the site at intervals of 20 - 50 years.
The Reference State (State 1), moves through many phases depending on the natural and man-made forces that impact the community over time. State 1, described later, indicates some of these phases. The Reference Plant Community Phase is Phase A. This plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue. Subdominant species include Sandberg bluegrass, tapertip hawksbeard, arrowleaf balsamroot, lupine, and biscuitroot. The plant species composition of Phase A is listed later under “Reference Plant Community Phase Plant Species Composition”.
Total annual production is 1300 pounds per acre (1456 kilograms per hectare) in a normal year. Production in a favorable year is 1600 pounds per acre (1792 kilograms per hectare). Production in an unfavorable year is 1000 pounds per acre (1120 kilograms per hectare). Structurally, cool season deep rooted perennial bunchgrasses are more dominant than forbs followed by shallow rooted perennial grasses more dominant than shrubs.
This site is suited for big game use yearlong. Livestock use the site in the spring, summer, and fall. It is also well suited for recreation use in the summer and fall.
Due to the rainfall, elevation, and steep slopes, this site is susceptible to degradation from erosion. The site has moderate to severe limitations for livestock grazing due to steep slopes. Most degradation occurs on the foot slopes of the site where it is adjacent to the drainage bottom. Runoff, when it does occur can be erosive particularly during high intensity convection storms. Snow can accumulate on the site at high elevations.
Impacts on the Plant Community.
Influence of fire:
In the absence of normal fire frequency and ungulate grazing, there is little change in the plant community.
When fires become more frequent than historic levels (20-50 years), Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass can be reduced in the plant community. Sandberg bluegrass will increase in the plant community. With continued short fire frequency, bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue can be completely eliminated along with some forbs. These species may be replaced by bulbous bluegrass along with a variety of annual and perennial forbs including noxious and invasive plants. Cheatgrass may invade the site as well as some Kentucky bluegrass. Cheatgrass can increase fire frequency. Some snowberry, Woods’ rose, and serviceberry may still be in the plant community.
Influence of improper grazing management:
Season-long grazing and/or excessive utilization can be very detrimental to this site. This type of management leads to reduced vigor of the bunchgrasses. With reduced vigor, recruitment of these species declines. As these species decline, an increase in Sandberg bluegrass will occur and noxious and invasive species will invade.
Continued improper grazing management influences fire frequency by increasing fine fuels. As annuals increase, fires become more frequent.
Proper grazing management that addresses frequency, duration, and intensity of grazing can also keep fine fuels from developing, thereby reducing fire frequency. A planned grazing system can be developed to intentionally accumulate fine fuels in preparation for a prescribed burn. Prescribed burns need careful planning. Areas without a suitable understory of perennial grasses are low priority areas for prescribed burns, especially if reseeding is not a possibility.
Weather influences:
Above normal precipitation in April, May, and June can dramatically increase total annual production of the plant community. These weather patterns can also increase viable seed production of desirable species to provide for recruitment. Likewise, below normal precipitation during these spring months can significantly reduce total annual production and be detrimental to viable seed production. Overall plant composition is normally not affected when perennials have good vigor.
Prolonged drought adversely affects this plant community in several ways. Vigor, recruitment, and production are usually reduced. Mortality can occur. An early, hard freeze can occasionally kill some plants. Prolonged drought can lead to a reduction in fire frequency.
Influence of Insects and disease:
Outbreaks can affect vegetation health. Grasshopper outbreaks occur periodically. Outbreaks seldom cause plant mortality since defoliation of the plant occurs only once during the year of the outbreak.
Influence of noxious and invasive plants:
Many of these species add to the fine-fuel component and lead to increased fire frequency. Annual and perennial invasive species compete with desirable plants for moisture and nutrients. The result is reduced production and a change in composition of the understory.
Influence of wildlife:
Big game animals use this site yearlong. Their numbers are seldom high enough to adversely affect the plant community.
Watershed:
Decreased infiltration and increased runoff occur with a decrease in perennial bunchgrasses. This composition change can affect nutrient and water cycles. Increased runoff also causes sheet and rill erosion. Abnormally short fire frequency also gives the same results, but to a lesser degree. The long-term effect is a transition to a different state.
Plant Community and Sequence:
Transition pathways between common vegetation states and phases:
State 1.
Phase A to B. Develops with improper grazing management and no fire.
Phase A to C. Develops with fire.
Phase B to A. Develops with prescribed grazing.
Phase C to A. Develops with prescribed grazing and no fire.
State 1, Phase B to State 2. Develops through frequent fire and continued improper grazing management. This site has crossed the threshold. It is economically impractical to return this plant community to State 1 with accelerating practices.
State 1, Phase C to 2. Develops through frequent fire or continued improper grazing management. This site has crossed the threshold. It is economically impractical to return this plant community to State 1 with accelerating practices.
State 2 to unknown site. Excessive soil loss and changes in the hydrologic cycle caused by continued improper grazing management and/or frequent fire cause this state to cross a threshold and retrogress to a new site with reduced potential. It is economically impractical to return this plant community to State 1 with accelerating practices.
Practice Limitations:
Severe limitations exist on this site for accelerating and facilitating practices due to steep slopes. Moderate limitations exist on this site for vegetative management practices due to steep slopes.State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
State 1 Phase ACommunity 1.1
State 1 Phase AState 1, Phase A. Reference Plant Community Phase. This plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue. Sandberg bluegrass, tapertip hawksbeard, lupine, and arrowleaf balsamroot are sub-dominant species. Shrubs comprise a small amount in the plant community but include snowberry, serviceberry, and Woods’ rose. A wide variety of forbs occur in small amounts. Natural fire frequency is 20-50 years.
Figure 3. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 750 975 1200 Forb 200 260 320 Shrub/Vine 50 65 80 Total 1000 1300 1600 Figure 4. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0105 , B9 SOUTH SLOPES PSSPS-FEID.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 15 25 30 25 0 0 0 5 0 0 State 2
State 1 Phase BCommunity 2.1
State 1 Phase BState 1, Phase B. This plant community has reduced amounts of bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue. Sandberg bluegrass has increased. All deep-rooted bunchgrasses are typically in low vigor. Forbs have increased. Some cheatgrass may have invaded the site. This state has developed due to improper grazing management and no fire.
Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0105 , B9 SOUTH SLOPES PSSPS-FEID.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 15 25 30 25 0 0 0 5 0 0 State 3
State 1 Phase CCommunity 3.1
State 1 Phase CState 1, Phase C. This plant community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass with a variety of other bunchgrasses in small amounts. Idaho fescue is still in the plant community but in reduced amounts and vigor. Sandberg bluegrass has increased. Forbs remain about in the same proportion as in Phase A. Snowberry, Woods’ rose, and serviceberry if present, have re-sprouted from the roots or crowns. Some cheatgrass may have invaded the site. This plant community is the result of wildfire.
Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0105 , B9 SOUTH SLOPES PSSPS-FEID.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 15 25 30 25 0 0 0 5 0 0 State 4
State 2 Phase ACommunity 4.1
State 2 Phase AState 2. This plant community is dominated by annual grasses and forbs including invasive and noxious species. Root sprouting shrubs such as snowberry can be present, dependent upon, how frequent, fire has occurred. Some soil loss has occurred. This state has developed due to frequent fires and improper grazing management from Phase B, State 1. It also occurs with frequent fire or improper grazing management from Phase C, State 1. This site has crossed the threshold. It is economically impractical to return this plant community to State 1 with accelerating practices.
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ID0102 , B9 BRTE-ANNUALS. State 2.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 10 30 40 15 0 0 0 5 0 0 State 5
State 3 Phase ACommunity 5.1
State 3 Phase AAdditional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 Grass and Grasslike – bluebunch wheatgrass PSSPS Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata 425–680 – Idaho fescue FEID Festuca idahoensis 125–200 – prairie Junegrass KOMA Koeleria macrantha 0–40 – Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poa secunda 0–40 – sedge CAREX Carex 0–25 – blue wildrye ELGLG Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus 0–10 – Fendler threeawn ARPUL Aristida purpurea var. longiseta 0–10 – 2 Big Bluegrass – Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poa secunda 0–40 – Forb3 Forbs – arrowleaf balsamroot BASA3 Balsamorhiza sagittata 15–80 – silky lupine LUSE4 Lupinus sericeus 0–40 – tapertip hawksbeard CRAC2 Crepis acuminata 0–40 – sticky purple geranium GEVI2 Geranium viscosissimum 0–40 – beardtongue PENST Penstemon 0–40 – nineleaf biscuitroot LOTR2 Lomatium triternatum 0–40 – white hawkweed HIAL2 Hieracium albiflorum 0–15 – common yarrow ACMI2 Achillea millefolium 0–15 – western stoneseed LIRU4 Lithospermum ruderale 0–10 – pale agoseris AGGL Agoseris glauca 0–10 – onion ALLIU Allium 0–10 – Indian paintbrush CASTI2 Castilleja 0–10 – trumpet COLLO Collomia 0–10 – foothill deathcamas ZIPA2 Zigadenus paniculatus 0–10 – prickly lettuce LASE Lactuca serriola 0–10 – bluebells MERTE Mertensia 0–10 – smallflower woodland-star LIPA5 Lithophragma parviflorum 0–10 – shaggy fleabane ERPU2 Erigeron pumilus 0–10 – curlycup gumweed GRSQ Grindelia squarrosa 0–10 – largeflower triteleia TRGR7 Triteleia grandiflora 0–10 – tailcup lupine LUCA Lupinus caudatus 0–10 – nettleleaf giant hyssop AGUR Agastache urticifolia 0–10 – largehead clover TRMA3 Trifolium macrocephalum 0–10 – woolly groundsel PACA15 Packera cana 0–10 – Hooker's balsamroot BAHO Balsamorhiza hookeri 0–10 – yellow Indian paintbrush CAFL7 Castilleja flava 0–10 – Shrub/Vine4 Shrubs – Woods' rose ROWO Rosa woodsii 0–40 – common snowberry SYAL Symphoricarpos albus 0–40 – Saskatoon serviceberry AMAL2 Amelanchier alnifolia 0–15 – parsnipflower buckwheat ERHE2 Eriogonum heracleoides 0–10 – Table 7. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
Wildlife Interpretations.
This site is important range for big game yearlong, especially Rocky Mountain elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer. It is important summer and fall chukar habitat. Blue grouse use the site as winter habitat. Merriam’s turkey uses the edges of the site.
Grazing Interpretations.
This site has high value for late spring, summer, and fall grazing for cattle, sheep, and horses. The plants are ready to graze about mid-April at lower elevations. Livestock distribution can be a problem on the steep slopes due to lack of adequate water and associated rock outcrops which restrict movement.
Estimated initial stocking rate will be determined with the landowner or decision-maker. They will be based on the inventory which includes species, composition, similarity index, production, past use history, season of use, and seasonal preference. Calculations used to determine estimated initial stocking rate will be based on forage preference ratings.
Hydrological functions
The soils in this site are in hydrologic group B and C. When the hydrologic condition of the vegetative cover is good, natural erosion hazard is slight.
Recreational uses
Moderate to severe limitations exist on this site for most recreational activities. Hunting includes big game and chukars. The aesthetic values are good. A large variety of flora is present which have spring blooming flowers. The site position offers excellent views of the surrounding countryside, which is usually dissected by deep canyons. The site is popular as a hiking area adjacent to rock outcrops which harbor eagles and hawks. These birds of prey do considerable hunting and some nesting on this and adjacent sites which offers excellent bird watching opportunities.
Wood products
None.
Other products
None.
Other information
Field Offices
Grangeville, ID
Nez Perce, ID
Orofino, ID
Lewiston, ID
Moscow, ID
Plummer, ID
Coeur d’Alene, ID
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping and other inventory data. Also, field knowledge of range-trained personnel was used. Those involved in developing this site description include: Dave Franzen, co-owner, Intermountain Rangeland Consultants, LLC Jacy Gibbs, co-owner, Intermountain Rangeland Consultants, LLC Jim Cornwell, Range Management Specialist, IASCD Brendan Brazee, State Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS, Idaho Bruce Knapp, Resource Soil Scientist, NRCS, Idaho Lee Brooks, Range Management Specialist, IASCD
Type locality
Location 1: Idaho County, ID General legal description Slopes of benchlands on upper west fork, Captain John Creek. Location 2: Idaho County, ID General legal description Skookumchuck Benches, Idaho County. Location 3: Nez Perce County, ID General legal description Craig Mountain Wildlife Management Unit. Other references
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 2004. Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136-vols. 1-3.
USDA, NRCS.2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov.). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA
USDA, Forest Service, Fire Effects Information Database. 2004. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis.
USDI Bureau of Land Management, US Geological Survey; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agricultural Research Service; Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health. Technical Reference 1734-6; Version 4-2005.
Contributors
Dave Franzen And Jacy Gibbs
DFApproval
Kendra Moseley, 9/23/2020
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Dave Franzen and Jacy Gibbs Intermountain Range Consultants 17700 Fargo Rd. Wilder, ID 83676 Contact for lead author Brendan Brazee, State Rangeland Management Specialist USDA-NRCS 9173 W. Barnes Drive, Suite C, Boise, ID 83709 Date 03/23/2009 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
Rills can occur on this site. If rills are present they are likely to occur immediately following wildfire. Rills are most likely to occur on soils with surface textures of silt loam and clay loam. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water-flow patterns can occur on this site. When they occur, they are short and disrupted by cool season grasses and are not extensive. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
In areas where flow patterns and/or rills are present, a few pedestals may be expected. They are not extensive. Terracettes also occur on the site uphill from tall shrub bases and large bunchgrasses. They also are not extensive. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Data is not available. On sites in mid-seral status bare ground may range from 25-35 percent. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Blowouts and depositional areas are usually not present. Immediately following wildfire some soil movement may occur on lighter textured soils. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Fine litter in the interspaces may move up to 3 feet following a significant run-off event. Coarse litter generally does not move. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Values should range from 4 to 6 but needs to be tested. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
The A or A1 horizon is typically 3 to 8 inches thick. Structure ranges from weak to moderate and fine to course granular. Soil organic matter (SOM) ranges from 2 to 6 percent. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Bunchgrasses, especially deep-rooted perennials, slow run-off and increase infiltration. Tall shrubs catch blowing snow in the interspaces. Perennial grasses produce 70-80 percent of the total production, forbs 15-25 percent, and shrubs 0-7 percent. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Is not present. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
cool season deep-rooted perennial bunchgrassesSub-dominant:
forbsOther:
shallow rooted grassesAdditional:
tall shrubs -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Little mortality or decadence is expected on this site. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Additional litter cover data is needed but is expected to be 15-20 percent to a depth of 0.1 inches. Under mature shrubs litter is >0.5 inches deep and is 90-100 percent ground cover. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Is 1300 pounds per acre (1456 kilograms per hectare) in a year with normal temperatures and precipitation. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Includes cheatgrass, bulbous bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, rush skeletonweed, musk and scotch thistle, diffuse and spotted knapweed, leafy spurge, yellow starthistle, and dalmatian toadflax. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All functional groups have the potential to reproduce in most years.
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