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Ecological site R008XY930WA

Loamy Bottom

Last updated: 5/23/2025
Accessed: 07/14/2026

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 008X–Columbia Plateau

MLRA 8 encompasses about 50,100 square kilometers mainly in Washington and Oregon, with a small area in Idaho. This MLRA is characterized by loess hills, surrounding scablands, and alluvial deposits. This MLRA consists mostly of Miocene Columbia River Basalt covered with up to 200 feet of loess and volcanic ash. The dominant soil order in this MLRA is Mollisols. Soils in this MLRA dominantly have a mesic temperature regime, a xeric moisture regime, and mixed minerology.

Classification relationships

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 8 – Columbia Plateau

LRU – Common Resource Areas (CRA):
8.1 - Channeled Scablands
8.2 - Loess Islands
8.3 - Okanogan Drift Hills
8.4 - Moist Pleistocene Lake Basins
8.5 - Moist Yakima Folds
8.6 - Lower Snake and Clearwater Canyons
8.7 - Okanogan Valley

Ecological site concept

Site Concept Narrative:

In the upland setting ecological sites are often expansive, and thus, can be delineated and separated on aerial photos. But in the landscape position of bottoms, basins and depressions this is rarely the case as small changes in soil chemistry, the water table and elevation or aspect results in significant changes in plant community composition. In short distances there are often big swings of available water holding capacity, and soils can go from hydric to non-hydric, or from saline-sodic to not. So, in bottoms, riparian areas and depressions, ecological sites and community phases occur as small spots, strips and patches, or as narrow rings around vernal ponds. And generally, in a matter of steps one can walk across several ecological sites. On any given site location, two or more of these sites occur as a patchwork – Loamy Bottom, Alkali Terrace, Sodic Flat, Wet Meadow, Herbaceous Wetland and Riparian Woodland. These ecological sites may need to be mapped as a complex when doing resource inventory.

Diagnostics:

The first thing that strikes you about Loamy Bottom – the vegetation is much taller, and vastly more productive than any upland site. The tall, upright bunchgrasses and shrubs can be taller than 6 feet. Another striking feature of loamy bottom is that it provides excellent protection from wind for livestock and wildlife, and provides good habitat (hiding cover, nesting cover, standing winter forage).

Loamy Bottom is part of the lentic (standing water) ecosystem, but this site is not a wetland, nor or the soils hydric. It occurs on moisture receiving sites such as bottoms, draws, basins and depressions. This site also occurs as a narrow zonal ring around ponds, lakes and vernal pools. Loamy bottom is an important “hinge site” as it connects upland sites with riparian areas, wetlands and saline-sodic sites.

Soils are deep and unrestricted for plant growth. The soils are silt loam or sandy loam texture and are not saline or sodic, and not hydric. In addition, the landscape position of this site could be conducive to soils possibly containing andic soil properties, i.e. volcanic ash. These andic soil properties can be important for productivity in that they retain larger amounts of water compared to other parent materials (higher water-holding capacity (AWC)), have high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and high availability of organically bound plant nutrients.

Within MLRA 8, Loamy Bottom has several variations with basin wildrye as the constant in all instances. Across most of the sagebrush steppe region, this site is a basin wildrye-basin or Wyoming big sagebrush site. In Douglas County and southern Okanogan County threetip sagebrush is prevalent. But in the grassland regions the only shrub, rabbitbrush, is a minor component. The last variation is basin wildrye-rose. The variations are lumped into one ecological site because Loamy Bottom represents only a fraction of the landscape and basin wildrye is dominant in every variation. Also, use, management and production is similar across all variations.

While tall bunchgrasses and tall, fire-sensitive shrubs dominate the Reference state overstory, mid-sized bunchgrasses and forbs fill the interspaces. The overstory layer is basin wildrye with head-high or taller basin big or Wyoming big sagebrush. Cool-season bunchgrasses form one or two distinct understory layers. Bluebunch wheatgrass or Nelson’s needlegrass, if present, form the mid-grass layer, while Sandberg bluegrass is the shortest grass layer.

The natural fire regime maintains a patchy distribution of shrubs. Depending on the time interval since the last fire, the shrub canopy can be as little 0-3% or as much as 40%.

Principle Vegetative Drivers:

The vegetative expression of Loamy Bottom is driven by two situations. First, this site receives both surface runoff and discharging groundwater from adjacent upland ecological sites. Second, the soils are deep and unrestricted. This makes Loamy Bottom far more productive and any upland site.

Associated Sites:
Loamy Bottom is associated with other ecological sites in bottoms and basin areas of MLRA 8, including Alkali Terrace, Sodic Flat, Wet Meadow, Wetland Complex and Riparian Complex. Loamy Bottom is also associated with upland sites such as Loamy, Stony, Very Shallow and Cool Loamy.

Similar Sites:
MLRA 7 Columbia Basin and MLRA 9 Palouse Prairie have a similar Loamy Bottom ecological site.

Associated sites

R008XY401WA	Alkali Bottom 10-16 PZ
R008XY978WA	Sodic Flat
R008XY980WA	Wet Meadow
R008XY720WA	Riparian Complex

Similar sites

R007XY930WA	Loamy Bottom

R007XY930WA

Loamy Bottom

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata
Herbaceous	(1) Leymus cinereus

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Physiographic features

The landscape is part of the Columbia basalt plateau. Loamy Bottom sites commonly occur on non-wetland bottoms, draws, basins, and depressions. Often Loamy Bottom is one of the narrow bands around ponds, lakes, vernal pools, springs and seeps. So, in bottoms, riparian areas and depressions, ecological sites and community phases occur as small spots, strips and patches, or as narrow rings around vernal ponds. Generally, in a matter of steps one can walk across several ecological sites. On any given site location, two or more of these sites occur as a patchwork – Loamy Bottom, Alkali Terrace, Sodic Flat, Wet Meadow, Wetland Complex and Riparian Complex. These ecological sites may need to be mapped as a complex when doing resource inventory.

Physiographic Division: Intermontane Plateau
Physiographic Province: Columbia Plateau
Physiographic Sections: Walla Walla Plateau Section

Landscapes: Hills, valleys and plateaus
Landform: Floodplains, drainageways and depressions

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Hills (2) Valley (3) Plateau (4) Flood plain (5) Drainageway (6) Depression
Flooding frequency	None to occasional
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	500 – 3000 ft
Slope	0 – 5 %
Water table depth	0 – 60 in
Aspect	W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW

Table 3. Representative physiographic features (actual ranges)

Flooding frequency	Not specified
Ponding frequency	Not specified
Elevation	0 ft
Slope	0 – 30 %
Water table depth	0 in

Climatic features

The climate is characterized by moderately cold, wet winters, and hot, dry summers, with limited precipitation due to the rain shadow effect of the Cascades. Taxonomic soil climate is either xeric (12 to 16 inches PPT) or aridic moisture regimes (10 to 12 inches PPT) with a mesic temperature regime.

Table 4 Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	110-160 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	10-20 in
Frost-free period (actual range)	90-200 days
Freeze-free period (actual range)
Precipitation total (actual range)

Influencing water features

A plant’s ability to grow on a site and overall plant production is determined by soil-water-plant relationships: 
1. Whether rain and melting snow run off-site or infiltrate into the soil 
2. Whether soil condition remain aerobic or become saturated and anaerobic 
3. How quickly the soil reaches the wilting point 
 
Loamy Bottom receives both surface runoff and discharging groundwater from nearby upland sites. The soils are deep, well drained, and unrestricted, and thus, remain saturated for only a short period in late winter to early spring. With adequate cover of live plants and litter, there are no water infiltrating restrictions on Loamy Bottom.

Soil features

This ecological site components are dominantly Typic, Xeric, Torrifluventic and Pachic taxonomic subgroups of Haploxerolls, Endoaquolls and Argixerolls great groups of the Mollisols taxonomic order, with Aridisols occurring as well. Soils are dominantly deep or very deep but limited moderately deep occurs as well. Average available water capacity of about five inches (12.7 cm) in the zero to 40 inches (zero to 100 cm) depth range.

Soil parent material is dominantly mixed alluvium and loess.

The associated soils are Benge, Brickmill, Cleman, Esquatzel, Hermiston, Kayak, Onyx, Weirman and similar soils.

Dominate soil surface is silt loam to very cobbly sandy loam, with ashy modifier sometimes occurring as well.

Dominant particle-size class is fine to sandy-skeletal.

Table 5. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Alluvium (2) Loess
Surface texture	(1) Silt loam (2) Very cobbly sandy loam
Family particle size	(1) Fine (2) Sandy-skeletal
Drainage class	Somewhat poorly drained to well drained
Depth to restrictive layer	20 – 60 in
Soil depth	60 – 0 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	0 – 10 %
Surface fragment cover >3"	0 – 5 %
Available water capacity (0-40in)	0 – 5 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (Depth not specified)	0 – 30 %
Electrical conductivity (Depth not specified)	0 – 5 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (Depth not specified)	0 – 5
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-10in)	5.1 – 9
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 10 %
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 5 %

Table 6. Representative soil features (actual values)

Drainage class	Not specified
Depth to restrictive layer	0 in
Soil depth	0 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	0 – 35 %
Surface fragment cover >3"	0 – 30 %
Available water capacity (0-40in)	0.8 – 9.7 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (Depth not specified)	0 %
Electrical conductivity (Depth not specified)	0 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (Depth not specified)	0
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-10in)	0
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 45 %
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	0 – 25 %

Ecological dynamics

Loamy Bottom produces about 4,000 pounds per acre of biomass annually.

Loamy Bottom has several variations with basin wildrye as the constant:
1. Basin wildrye – sagebrush (basin, Wyoming)
2. Basin wildrye – three-tip sage (Douglas and Okanogan Co.)
3. Basin wildrye with no shrub in grassland areas in MLRA 8 (a little rabbitbrush)
4. Basin wildrye – rose

Regarding saline-alkali soils Daubenmire (page 50) wrote, “It seems impossible to find areas where one can be confident that the vegetation has not been somewhat altered by domesticated animals.” The same is also true of loamy bottoms, riparian areas and wetlands. Some areas were also manipulated by tillage or other farming practices.

Basin wildrye, also called Great Basin wildrye, is at the core of the Loamy Bottom ecological site and warrants a degree of understanding. Basin wildrye is a cool season bunchgrass but is considered weakly rhizomatous. It has coarse, robust stems and leaves, grows to five to seven feet tall and sometimes exceeds three feet in diameter, and thus, is one of the highest producing species. Basin wildrye is commonly found on loamy bottoms, mildly to moderately saline-sodic soils and on the tops of loamy mounds. It tolerates alkaline soils and seasonal flooding but not anaerobic conditions. On a good Loamy Bottom site, basin wildrye, given good plant vigor, can take ownership even with invasive species in the community.

The stability and resiliency of the reference communities on Loamy Bottom sites is directly linked to the health and vigor of basin wildrye. Given the opportunity (good vigor and favorable moisture), basin wildrye can establish ownership and expand across the Loamy Bottom ecological site. Basin wildrye expands via two processes: (1) Tillering from basal buds for new shoots, and (2) new seedlings from germinating seed.

The natural disturbance regime for sagebrush-bunchgrass communities is periodic lightning-caused fires. The fire return intervals (FRI) listed in research for sagebrush steppe communities is quite variable. Ponderosa pine communities have the shortest FRI of about 10 to 20 years (Miller). The FRI increases as one moves to wetter forested sites or to drier shrub steppe communities. Given the uncertainties and opinions of reviewers, a mean of 75 years and a range of 50 to 100 was chosen for Wyoming sagebrush communities (Rapid Assessment Model). The FRI for Loamy Bottom is the same as upland sites.

Some fires are spotty or do not burn hot enough to fully remove the sagebrush. Fires with light severity will remove less sagebrush and open smaller patches for grass and forb recovery, whereas the more severe fires will remove almost all the sagebrush and leave vast areas open to return to bunchgrass dominance. This is how the patchy distribution occurs. Rabbitbrush is a sprouting shrub and may also increase following fire.

Because basin wildrye produces a large amount of biomass, fire can burn and smolder in the crown of the plant for considerable time. This leaves basin wildrye plants much diminished. It can take a few years for basin wildrye to fully recover from the effects of fire.

Grazing is another common disturbance that occurs to this ecological site. Grazing pressure can be defined as heavy grazing intensity, or frequent grazing during reproductive growth, or season-long grazing. As grazing pressure increases the plant community unravels in stages:
1. More preferred grasses decline first and then basin wildrye plants produce fewer shoots and tillers and crowns become smaller.
2. As some basin wildrye plants die and other plants are weaker yet, native species such as sagebrush expands
3. As the decline continues invasive species such as knapweed, perennial pepperweed and cheatgrass colonize the site
4. With further decline the site can become a sagebrush-invasive weed community

Managing sagebrush steppe to improve the vigor and health of native bunchgrasses begins with an understanding of grass physiology. New growth for existing bunchgrasses begins each year from basal buds. Basin wildrye plants can expand via tillering, or new plants through natural reseeding. Regrowth from spring grazing comes mostly from photosynthesis.

In the spring each year it is important to monitor and maintain adequate top growth: (1) to optimize regrowth following spring grazing, (2) so plants have enough energy to replace basal buds annually, and (3) to protect the elevated growing points of basin wildrye.

During seed formation, the growing points of basin wildrye become elevated 4-6 inches and are vulnerable to damage or removal. Repeated grazing during late spring is especially damaging. Over several years each native bunchgrass pasture should be rested during the critical period two out of every three years (approximately April 15 to July 15). And each pasture should be rested the entire growing season every third year (approximately March 1 to July 15).

Basin wildrye remains competitive if:
(1) Basal buds are replaced annually,
(2) Enough top-growth is maintained for growth and protection of growing points, and
(3) The timing of grazing and non-grazing is managed over a several-year period. Careful management of late spring grazing is especially critical

In Washington, basin wildrye and sagebrush communities provide habitat for a variety of upland wildlife species.

State and transition model

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State 1
Reference Sagebrush Steppe with No Invasive Species

State 1 represents sagebrush steppe with none to minor amounts of invasive or exotic weed species. All the functional, structural groups have one or more native species. Refer to the Ecological Dynamics section where the variations of Loamy Bottom are discussed. The Reference State discussion below is for basin wildrye – sagebrush, the largest of the variations. Reference State Community Phases: 1.1 Basin Wildrye and Sagebrush, 1.2 Basin Wildrye, and 1.3 Heavy Sagebrush and Basin Wildrye

Dominant Reference State Species: Basin wildrye, Basin and/or Wyoming big sagebrush At-risk Communities: • All communities in the reference state are at risk of invasion by exotic species. Annual or biennial weeds and annual grass seeds blow onto most sites annually • Community Phase 1.3, the heavy sagebrush community, has the highest risk of moving to State 2 which is dominated by invasive weeds or annual grasses • Any Loamy Bottom community with high sagebrush cover and low cover of basin wildrye will also have invasive weeds, and thus, no longer be in the Reference State • To seed or not to seed is the question after a fire. Community 1.3 should be seeded to basin wildrye to minimize weed infestation. Any site with low cover of basin wildrye and any site with low to moderate cover of weeds should be seeded after a fire. State 2 and Community 3.2 should also be seeded

Community 1.1
Basin Wildrye and Sagebrush

Reference Community 1.1 is dominated by basin wildrye with some sagebrush.

70% basin wildrye
10% sagebrush
10% other native grasses

Figure 1. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Community 1.2
Basin Wildrye

Community 1.2 is even more strongly bunchgrass dominated.

80% basin wildrye
0-2% sagebrush
10% each native forbs & grasses

Community 1.3
Heavy Sagebrush and Basin Wildrye

Community 1.3 is dominated by sagebrush with basin wildrye as sub-dominate. Native forbs and other shrubs are prevalent and there are minor amounts of weeds (broadleaf or annual grasses). There is enough basin wildrye remaining for Community 1.3 to shift back to the other communities in the reference state as basin wildrye can be aggressive on favorable sites such as Loamy Bottom. On a good Loamy Bottom site basin wildrye can and will push out other herbaceous species.

15% basin wildrye
50% sagebrush
25% other shrubs and native forbs
10% weeds

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Result: Shift from Reference Community 1.1 to Basin Wildrye Community 1.2. Sagebrush cover is all but eliminated, while basin wildrye has a moderate increase in cover. Primary Trigger: Moderate-severity fire consumes above-ground plant biomass and kills almost all the sagebrush. With a lot of biomass, the fire burns into the crowns of basin wildrye, but some of the crown remains intact. So, basin wildrye survives and increases its vigor the next few years. For other bunchgrasses and forbs there is no impact to their crowns and these species return post-fire with good vigor. Post-fire the bunchgrasses are now more susceptible to grazing damage. Burned rangeland pastures need two growing seasons rest before grazing resumes or, the pastures can be lightly grazed during the dormant season the first two years post-fire. Beyond two years for the bunchgrasses to expand, moderate grazing intensity, and both critical period & growing season deferments must be implemented on burned pastures. Secondary Trigger: Several years above of average precipitation. High seasonal water table kills most of the sagebrush, allowing basin wildrye to assert almost total cover dominance. This is a rare occurrence, but it did happen in the mid-1980s. Ecological process: Fire kills sagebrush and it does not have any sprouting ability. A few sagebrush plants remain, but only in patches that did not burn. The reduction in sagebrush releases resources and increases light for grasses and forbs. Basin wildrye, bluebunch wheatgrass and other bunchgrasses have good vigor post-fire and expand via tillering and new seedlings.

Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.3

Result: shift from Reference Community 1.1 to Heavy Sagebrush and Basin Wildrye Community 1.3. Primary Trigger: With excessive grazing pressure (heavy grazing intensity, season long grazing or frequent late spring grazing) and a period of no fire, sagebrush increases its cover while basin wildrye, bluebunch wheatgrass and other bunchgrasses suffer a big decline. Ecological process: with consistent defoliation pressure basin wildrye and other bunchgrass have low vigor, shrinking crowns and some mortality. This gives sagebrush the opportunity to set new seedlings and expand its cover. Increased shade from the new sagebrush plants also plays a role in this process.

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Result: Shift from Basin Wildrye community 1.2 to Reference community 1.1. Primary Trigger: Soil disturbances coupled with a period of no fire. Secondary Trigger: Several years of average or below normal precipitation leading to a significant drop in the lateral water flow and drying out the soil profile, which leads to fine root die-off of basin wildrye. Slight competitive advantage shifts to sagebrush. Good management is required to keep the basin wildrye loss to a minimum as sagebrush re-enters the community Ecological process: Spots with soil disturbance receive sagebrush seed from remnant plants in unburned patches or from adjacent sites, seed germinates in the spring and a few sagebrush seedlings establish. For most locations it may take up to 10 years for sagebrush to re-enter the community. But in Douglas County the re-entry period may only be two to five years. With a slight increase in shade perennial bunchgrasses experience a slight decline.

Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.1

Result: Significant shift from Heavy Sagebrush and Basin Wildrye community 1.3 to Reference community 1.1. Primary Trigger: Moderate-severity fire consumes above-ground plant biomass and kills almost all the sagebrush. With a lot of biomass, the fire burns into the crowns of basin wildrye, but some of the crown remains intact. So, basin wildrye survives and increases its vigor the next few years. For bunchgrasses and forbs there is no impact to their crowns and these species return post-fire with good vigor. Post-fire the bunchgrasses are now more susceptible to grazing damage. Burned rangeland pastures need two growing seasons rest before grazing resumes or, the pastures can be lightly grazed during the dormant season the first two years post-fire. Beyond two years for the bunchgrasses to expand, moderate grazing intensity, and both critical period & growing season deferments must be implemented on burned pastures. Secondary Trigger: Several years above of average precipitation. High seasonal water table kills most of the sagebrush, allowing basin wildrye to assert almost total cover dominance. This is a rare occurrence, but it did happen in the mid-1980s. Ecological process: Fire kills sagebrush and it does not have any sprouting ability. A few sagebrush plants remain, but only in patches that did not burn. The reduction in sagebrush releases resources and increases light for grasses and forbs. Basin wildrye can aggressively attains the competitive edge and reclaims niches vacated by sagebrush. Bluebunch wheatgrass and other bunchgrasses have good vigor post-fire and expand via tillering and new seedlings.

State 2
Invaded

State 2 represents invasive species communities that have crossed a biological threshold. Virtually all the native functional, structural groups are missing. This state can occur with or without sagebrush. Community Phases for State 2: Can have several variations: 1. Invasive annual or biennial weeds (mustard, prickly lettuce, perennial pepperweed) 1. Invasive annual grasses (annual bromes, medusahead) 2. Sagebrush with invasive weeds or annual grasses Dominate State 2 Species: Invasive weeds: mustard, prickly lettuce, perennial pepperweed, knapweeds Invasive annual grasses: annual bromes, cheatgrass, medusahead, ventenata with sagebrush and rabbitbrush

Community 2.1
Invasive Species

Invasive annual and biennial weeds, or
Invasive annual grasses, or
Sagebrush with invasive weeds or annual grasses

State 3
Seeded Grasses

State 3 represents a site that has been seeded to desirable grasses such as basin wildrye or intermediate wheatgrass. Community 3.1 remains stable with 0.8 plants per square foot or greater of mid-sized bunchgrasses or with a full stand of basin wildrye. Community Phases for State 3: 3.1 Seeded Grasses 3.2 Shrub, Invasive Weeds, and Seeded Grasses

Community 3.1
Seeded Grasses

85% seeded grasses

Community 3.2
Shrubs, Invasive Weeds, and Seeded Grasses

50% shrubs and weeds
40% seeded grass or invasive weeds

Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.2

Result: shift from Seeded Grasses community 3.1 to Shrub, Invasive Weeds, and Seeded Grasses community 3.2 with a mixture of seeded grasses, shrubs and invasive weeds Primary Trigger: Grazing pressure (heavy grazing intensity, season long grazing or frequent late spring grazing) to seeded grasses Ecological process: Due to consistent defoliation pressure seeded grass have low vigor, shrinking crowns and some mortality. This gives sagebrush the opportunity to set new seedlings and expand its cover. Increased shade from the new sagebrush plants also plays a role in this process.

Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.1

Result: shift from the Shrub, Invasive Weeds, and Seeded Grasses community 3.2 back to Community 3.1 dominated by seeded grasses. Primary Trigger: Human intervention to kill shrubs, reduce invasive weed population and to re-seed or inter-seed desirable grass species. Ecological process: shrub and weed control open the site to allow successful seeding. Herbicide application, tillage and seeding operation must be timely. Seed placement should ensure seed-soil contact at 1/8 to 1/4 inch depth. Post-seeding management should ensure that desirable grass seedlings become established and broadleaf weeds are controlled. After killing shrubs and weeds, and with a good population of remnant desirable grasses, it may be possible that the desirable grasses expand naturally without seeding.

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

Result: Shift from Reference State (native shrub steppe with no invasive species) to State 2 which is dominated by invasive weeds or annual grasses. The pathway from State 1 to State 2 occurs as Community 1.3 declines until it crosses the biological threshold. This transition occurs once the cover of basin wildrye drops to 5% and invasive species cover is at least 40%. Primary Trigger: grazing pressure (heavy grazing, season-long grazing, or late spring grazing) to basin wildrye. Secondary Trigger: Frequent fires or one severe fire can have the same effect. Also, several years of drought can put the basin wildrye in decline. Ecological process: with consistent defoliation pressure basin wildrye and other bunchgrass have low vigor, shrinking crowns and mortality. Weed seeds from invasive species blow onto the site or are carried in with runoff water. On most sites weed seeds are waiting for an opportunity to colonize. As basin wildrye cover declines invasive species increase accordingly. Over time the invasive species expand to a position of dominance. Indicators: Decreasing cover of basin wildrye and increasing cover of invasive species. Increasing canopy gaps between native perennial species. Decreasing soil organic matter, soil water retention, limited water infiltration and percolation in the soil profile.

Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1

Result: Shift from invasive species in State 2 back to Reference State. This restoration transition does not occur without a significant commitment of time & resource inputs to restore ecological processes, native bunchgrasses, sagebrush and native forb species. TWO OPTIONS: Option#1: Step 1 seed to introduced grasses; Step 2 seed to native species Step 1 shifting from State 2 to State 3: It will take two years or longer to kill annual species and to exhaust the seedbank of invasive weed seed. Site will then need to be seeded to introduced perennial species such as crested wheatgrass to restore soil properties before native species can survive and thrive on site. The seeded species rebuild some of the basic soil properties including increased soil organic matter, improved pore spaces and increased soil moisture within the soil profile. The site would also need several years of no significant fires and proper grazing management as well. See narrative for R1 recovery above. Step 2 shifting from State 3 to State 1: This assumes that the shift from State 2 to State 3 has been successful. Introduced grasses and any remaining weeds must be killed while maintaining soil structure to ensure a proper seedbed (cloddy, a little rough and trashy to provide safe sites for the seed). A pulverized dust mulch must be avoided at all costs. The seeding of native species could occur in two steps: (1) first year, use a grass seed mix to duplicate the Reference Community (mostly basin wildrye with other native bunchgrasses) so that broadleaf weeds may be controlled, and (2) second year re-introduce sagebrush and native forbs. Plugs may be used for sagebrush and native forbs rather than seed. Post-seeding the site would also need several years with no significant fires and proper grazing management as well to ensure plant establishment and vigor. Option #2: seed directly to native species Take two years or more to kill weeds and to exhaust the weed seedbank while maintaining soil structure. As in Option 1 above, the seeding of native species could occur in two steps: (1) first year, use a grass seed mix to duplicate the Reference Community (mostly basin wildrye with other native bunchgrasses) so that broadleaf weeds may be controlled, and (2) second year re-introduce sagebrush and native forbs. Plugs may be used for sagebrush and native forbs rather than seed. Post-seeding the site would also need several years with no significant fires and proper grazing management as well to ensure plant establishment and vigor.

Restoration pathway R2B
State 2 to 3

Transition from State 2 (a community dominated by invasive annual species) to State 3 seeded grasses (basin wildrye or to introduced grasses). This restoration transition does not occur without significant time and inputs to control weeds, prepare a seedbed, seed desirable species, and post-seeding weed control and management. This can require a commitment of two years or more for weed control. Care must be taken to maintain soil structure so that the seedbed has many safe-sites for the seed. Seed placement must be managed to achieve seed-soil contact at very shallow depth (about 1/8-1/4 inch is desired). Proper grazing management is essential to maintain the stand post-seeding. Basin wildrye and intermediate wheatgrass are highly adapted to the Loamy Bottom ecological site. The actual transition occurs when the seeded species have successfully established and are outcompeting the annual species for cover and dominance of resources.

Transition T3A
State 3 to 2

Result: Shift from State 3 (seeded grasses) to State 2 which dominated by invasive weeds or annual grasses. Primary Trigger: grazing pressure (heavy grazing, season long grazing, or frequent late spring grazing) to seeded grasses. Secondary Trigger: Frequent fires or a severe fire that burn out plant crowns of native species and give competitive advantage to the invasive species. This transition occurs when chronic heavy grazing has removed too much of the perennial bunchgrass cover allowing invasive annual species to colonize the site. As this continues the competitive advantage goes to the exotic species which are opportunistic and take most of the site’s resources. Ecological process: with consistent defoliation pressure seeded grasses have low vigor, shrinking crowns and mortality. Weed seeds from invasive species blow onto the site or are carried in with runoff water. On most sites weed seeds are waiting for an opportunity to colonize. As the cover of seeded grass declines invasive species increase accordingly. Over time the invasive species expand to a position of dominance. Indicators: shrinking crowns and mortality of desirable species, increasing gaps between perennial species, and increasing cover by invasive annual species.

Additional community tables

Table 7. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)
Shrub/Vine
1	Non-sprouting Shrubs - Minor			500–
	Wyoming big sagebrush	ARTRW8	Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis	–	–
	basin big sagebrush	ARTRT	Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata	–	–
	antelope bitterbrush	PUTR2	Purshia tridentata	–	–
2	Sprouting Shrubs - Minor			150–
	rabbitbrush	CHRYS9	Chrysothamnus	–	–
	currant	RIBES	Ribes	–	–
	rose	ROSA5	Rosa	–	–
	threetip sagebrush	ARTR4	Artemisia tripartita	–	–
Grass/Grasslike
3	Dominant Tall Bunchgrass			3500–
	basin wildrye	LECI4	Leymus cinereus	–	–
4	Mid-Size Bunchgrasses - Minor			500–
	Thurber's needlegrass	ACTH7	Achnatherum thurberianum	–	–
	Cusick's bluegrass	POCU3	Poa cusickii	–	–
	bluebunch wheatgrass	PSSP6	Pseudoroegneria spicata	–	–
	blue wildrye	ELGL	Elymus glaucus	–	–
5	Short Grass			150–
	Sandberg bluegrass	POSE	Poa secunda	–	–
6	Other Graminoids - Trace			0–
	sedge	CAREX	Carex	–	–
Forb
7	Native Forbs - Minor			500–
	arrowleaf balsamroot	BASA3	Balsamorhiza sagittata	–	–
	lupine	LUPIN	Lupinus	–	–
	hawksbeard	CREPI	Crepis	–	–
	longleaf phlox	PHLO2	Phlox longifolia	–	–
	spiny phlox	PHHO	Phlox hoodii	–	–
	buckwheat	ERIOG	Eriogonum	–	–
	trumpet	COLLO	Collomia	–	–
	common yarrow	ACMI2	Achillea millefolium	–	–
	low pussytoes	ANDI2	Antennaria dimorpha	–	–
	slender cinquefoil	POGR9	Potentilla gracilis	–	–
	mariposa lily	CALOC	Calochortus	–	–
	fleabane	ERIGE2	Erigeron	–	–
	milkvetch	ASTRA	Astragalus	–	–
	desertparsley	LOMAT	Lomatium	–	–
	Indian paintbrush	CASTI2	Castilleja	–	–
	western stoneseed	LIRU4	Lithospermum ruderale	–	–
	woolly plantain	PLPA2	Plantago patagonica	–	–
	ballhead waterleaf	HYCA4	Hydrophyllum capitatum	–	–

Table 8. Community 1.2 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Table 9. Community 1.3 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Table 10. Community 2.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Table 11. Community 3.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Table 12. Community 3.2 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production ()	Foliar cover (%)

Supporting information

Other references

Boling M., Frazier B., Busacca, A., General Soil Map of Washington, Washington State University, 1998 Daubenmire, R., Steppe Vegetation of Washington, EB1446, March 1968

Davies, Kirk, Medusahead Dispersal and Establishment in Sagebrush Steppe Plant Communities, Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2008 Environmental Protection Agency, map of Level III and IV Ecoregions of Washington, June 2010

Miller, Baisan, Rose and Pacioretty, “Pre and Post Settlement Fire regimes in mountain Sagebrush communities: The Northern Intermountain Region Natural Resources Conservation Service, map of Common Resource Areas of Washington, 2003 Rapid Assessment Reference Condition Model for Wyoming sagebrush, LANDFIRE project, 2008

Rocchio, Joseph & Crawford, Rex C., Ecological Systems of Washington State. A Guide to Identification. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, October 2015. Pages 156-161 Inter-Mountain Basin Big Sagebrush.

Rouse, Gerald, MLRA 8 Ecological Sites as referenced from Natural Resources Conservation Service-Washington FOTG, 2004 Soil Conservation Service, Range Sites for MLRA 8 from 1980s and 1990s

Tart, D., Kelley, P., and Schlafly, P., Rangeland Vegetation of the Yakima Indian reservation, August 1987, YIN Soil and Vegetation Survey

Contributors

Kevin Guinn

Approval

Kirt Walstad, 5/23/2025

Acknowledgments

Provisional Site Author: Kevin Guinn Technical Team: K. Moseley, G. Fults, R. Fleenor, W. Keller, C. Smith, K. Bomberger, C. Gaines, K. Paup-Lefferts

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	05/08/2025
Approved by
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Presence of water flow patterns:
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Perennial plant reproductive capability:

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