Mesic Xeric Foothills and Mountain Slopes (Ponderosa Pine Hot Dry Shrub Grass)

Description

Ponderosa pine is the only tree species. Antelope bitterbrush is the major shrub species with kinnikinnick, snowbrush ceanothus, spirea, snowberry, and sagebrush in minor amounts depending on location and moisture. Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass dominate the grass component with varying amount of geyer’s sedge, needle and thread grass, blue wildrye, and rough fescue.

Major insects that cause mortality are the western pine beetle, mountain pine beetle, and pine engraver beetle. The western and mountain pine beetles can kill mature to old growth pine. The pine engraver beetles attack and kill young pole size stands. Drought and tree to tree competition cause stress which increases bark beetle mortality. Other insect concerns in pine include the following defoliators: Pandora moth, pine butterfly, sawflies, and needle miners.

Major diseases include Annosum and Armillaria root rot, commandra rust, and elytroderma needle disease, Dwarf mistletoe is a major concern infecting over 25 percent of ponderosa pine acreage. It is more serious in the drier ponderosa pine sites.

Forest productivity is measured using site index (SI) and culmination of annual increment (CMAI). Ponderosa pine is the only tree species and site indexes ranges greatly depending on local site characteristics. NRCS forest site index plots taken throughout MLRA B6 shows this variability. Site index ranges from 40 to 81 using Meyers 100 year total age table. CMAI range is 14 to 46 cubic feet/acre/year at 40 years of age in a fully stocked stand. Low CMAI values are due to low stocking (density) as compared to fully stocked stands. Most stands are less than 40 percent stocked.

Forage production estimates from NRCS Range 5 Plots in Okanogan County in Ponderosa pine / antelope bitterbrush sites are as follows based on overstory tree canopy. Forage production figures are in pounds/acre for all vegetation below 4.5 feet (grass, sedges, forbs, shrubs, tree regeneration):
Overstory tree canopy – Forage production
0 – 20% - 800 to 1400 lbs/ac
20 – 40% - 300 to 650 lbs/ac

The bulk of the grass production is bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue. Other grass species include needle and thread grass, prairie junegrass, rough fescue, pine grass and big bluegrass. The most prominent forbs are lupine, basalmroot, pussytoes, hawkweed, and yarrow. The most prominent shrub is bitterbrush. Other shrubs include currant, snowbrush ceanothus, big sagebrush, rabbitbrush, and buckwheat. Tree regeneration included mostly ponderosa pine with an occasional Douglas-fir.

Dominant plant species

1. ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), tree

2. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), tree

3. antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), shrub

4. currant (Ribes), shrub

5. snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus), shrub

6. Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), shrub

7. big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), shrub

8. rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus), shrub

9. buckwheat (Eriogonum), shrub

10. kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), shrub

11. common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shrub

12. white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), shrub

13. bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), grass

14. Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), grass

15. needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata), grass

16. pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), grass

17. Geyer's sedge (Carex geyeri), grass

18. prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), grass

19. bluegrass (Poa), grass

20. lupine (Lupinus), grass

21. arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), grass

22. common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), grass

23. white hawkweed (Hieracium albiflorum), grass

24. pussytoes (Antennaria), grass

Submodel

Description

Fire exclusion for over 50 years allows ponderosa pine stands to dominate cover and form multi-aged medium to dense woodlands. In most cases mixed severity to stand replacing fires will not revert site back to a pine/savanna condition in State 1.

Submodel

Description

The plant composition in this state is variable with cool-season introduced grasses encroaching from adjacent homesteads and pastures. One annual species of special note that can cause a drastic shift in grass species is cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). It invades from overgrazed or heavily disturbed pastures and can out compete the native bunchgrasses changing to a shrub/cheatgrass site.

Submodel

Description

This ecological site is located near human settlement, and over the ages some of it was converted to homesteads, pastures and cropland.

Submodel