Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F004BX103CA
Redwood-Douglas-fir/Pacific rhododendron,
mountain slopes,
sandstone, clay loam
Accessed: 08/17/2026
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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Classification relationships
No relationship to other established classifications.
Associated sites
F004BX108CA Redwood, western swordfern, mountain slopes, sandstone and schist, clay loam
F004BX108CA is found in conjunction with this site.
F004BX109CA Douglas-fir/redwood/tanoak/California huckleberry, mountain slopes, sandstone and schist, clay loam
F004BX109CA and F004BX103CA are both found on summits and shoulders of ridges.
F004BX111CA Redwood/western swordfern-redwood sorrel, floodplains and terraces, loam
F004BX111CA is found in conjunction with this site.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree (1) Sequoia sempervirens
(2) Pseudotsuga menziesiiShrub (1) Rhododendron macrophyllum
Herbaceous Not specified
Physiographic features
This ecological site is found east of Redwood Creek and southeast of Orick Valley, within the Mill, Rock, Wilson, and Hunter Creek watersheds. It occurs on uniform to slightly convex summits and shoulders of broad ridges, as well as uniform to slightly convex mountain slopes. These mountain slopes are strongly sloping to very steep.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Mountain slope
(2) Ridge
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 79 – 2520 ft Slope 9 – 75 % Water table depth 60 – 0 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
The climate is humid with cool, foggy summers and cool, moist winters. Coastal influence limits the diurnal range in temperatures. Summertime temperatures range from 42 to 70 degrees F. The total annual precipitation ranges from 70 to 100 inches and usually falls from October to May.
*Note: The climate station used may not represent the conditions on the site as the ecological site is located further to the south and inland.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 290 days Freeze-free period (average) 290 days Precipitation total (average) 100 in BarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
">Influencing water features
There are no influencing water features on this site.
Soil features
These well-drained soils developed from colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone and mudstone. They are very strongly to moderately acidic at 40 inches with a dominantly loamy subsurface rock content ranging from non-gravelly to extremely gravelly. These soils are dominantly very deep with significant areas ranging from moderately deep to lithic contact. Soils on the nearly-level to moderately steep summit positions may have a clayey subsurface texture group with minimal rock content.
Soils that have been tentatively correlated to this ecological site include the following.
Soil Survey Area: CA605 - Redwood National and State Parks
Mapunit Symbols Soil Components
542 Slidecreek
542 Coppercreek
580 Slidecreek
580 Coppercreek
580 Tectah
581 Coppercreek
581 Slidecreek
581 Tectah
582 Slidecreek
582 Coppercreek
582 LackscreekTable 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Loam
(2) Gravelly loam
(3) Very gravelly loam
Family particle size (1) Loamy
Drainage class Well drained Permeability class Moderately slow to moderate Soil depth 40 – 80 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 0 – 20 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 10 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)2 – 7 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)Not specified Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)Not specified Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)Not specified Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)4.5 – 6 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)10 – 75 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 5 % Ecological dynamics
The redwood's interior range is largely contained within the coastal fog belt. Coastal fog ameliorates the effects of solar radiation on conifer transpiration rates (Daniel, 1942). Research in the redwood region (Dawson, 1998) has indicated that fog drip and direct fog uptake by foliage may contribute significant amounts of moisture to the forest floor during summer months and over the course of the year.
Previous harvesting and the use of fire to treat logging slash have changed species composition on many formerly redwood-dominated sites (Noss et al, 2000). Within many areas of the park, aerial seeding of Douglas-fir has led to a 10:1 ratio of Douglas-fir to redwood (Noss, 2000).
The historical origins of fires within the northern redwood region remain unknown. Lightning-ignited fires are considered rare. However, Native American burning is thought to have played a major role by burning fires from the interior into the redwood zone (Veirs, 1996). Natural fire intervals ranged from 500 to 600 years on the coast, 150 to 200 years on intermediate sites, and 50 years on inland sites. The northern range of redwoods evolved within a low to moderate natural disturbance regime (Veirs, 1979).
Surface fires likely modified the tree species composition by favoring the thicker-barked redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (Veirs, 1979). Western hemlock's (Tsuga heterophylla) shallow roots and thin bark make it susceptible to fire damage (Arno, 2002). Fires also expose the mineral-rich soil and reduce competition from other plants, thereby increasing the establishment of new western hemlock (Veirs, 1979, Williamson, 1976). Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) seedlings and sapling-sized stems are often top-killed by surface fire, though larger stems may survive with only basal wounding (Tappeiner, 1984).
Both redwood and tanoak have the ability to re-sprout following fire (Veirs, 1996). After fire, redwood may sprout from the root crown or from dormant buds located under the bark of the bole and branches (Noss, 2000). The sprouting ability of redwood is most vigorous in younger stands and decreases with age. Frequent fire reduces tanoak’s sprouting ability and also tends to keep understories open (Arno, 2002). Fire exclusion would allow for the gradual increase of tanoak in the understory (McMurray, 1989).
A moderate fire could lead towards more of a mosaic in regeneration patterns. Patches of trees would be killed leaving others slightly damaged or unharmed. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) regeneration would be favored in the large gaps that are created following a moderate fire, potentially leading to a larger proportion of Douglas-fir to redwood for several centuries (Agee, 1993). Without these gaps caused by fire, Douglas-fir regeneration is unsuccessful, and with continued lack of disturbance it may slowly be replaced by redwood as the dominant canopy species (Veirs, 1979, 1996).
Fires will also alter the composition of shrubs and forbs in the understory community. California huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) is a common species in both moist and dry redwood environments. It is normally a fire-dependent shrub species, but little is known concerning it's adaptation to fire under low to moderate fire return intervals (Tirmenstein, 1990). Following a fire, California huckleberry will often re-sprout and recover rapidly.
Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) is considered sensitive to fire. Following a surface fire, it may reestablish seedlings by sprouting from the rootcrown or stembase (Crane, 1990). After a disturbance such as fire, a decrease in plant cover is common, and will be followed by a gradual increase in cover over time.
Other potential disturbances in the redwood zone include winter storms that can cause top breakage. This breakage may kill individual or groups of trees and create small openings from windfall (Noss, 2000). This would likely favor the establishment of redwood and other shade tolerant conifers. On alluvial sites with periodic flooding, redwood and other colonizing hardwoods would dominate (Veirs, 1996). Where existing redwoods are inundated, new roots would develop in newly deposited silt (Veirs, 1996).
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 4. State and Transition Model
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference State - Plant Community 1.1: Redwood and Douglas-fir ForestCommunity 1.1
Reference State - Plant Community 1.1: Redwood and Douglas-fir ForestThe reference community for this site is a redwood and Douglas-fir forest. Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) dominates in the overstory, with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophyllia) found as associates. Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) is often seen in the sub-canopy.
The understory is shrub-dominated with California huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). Occasionally western swordfern (Polystichum munitum) may be found in the understory layer, but forb cover is generally low. The estimated age for this community is 200 years or more.
Community Pathway 1.1a:
Following a block harvest or a block harvest followed by burning, shrubs and hardwoods will sprout and transition this community to PC 1.2.
Community Pathway 1.1b:
If partial cutting or moderate fire occurs then this community will transition to PC 1.6. Improved seedbed conditions could favor infill of Douglas-fir. Shrubs such as California huckleberry and Pacific rhododendron may increase in cover.
Community Pathway 1.1c:
Blueblossom may dominate the site following block harvesting if a post-harvest burn also occurs, and if a seed source is present. This will lead to PC 1.3.
Forest overstory.The main overstory is dominated by redwood and Douglas-fir, with a minor component of western hemlock on some sites. <br /> <br /> Tanoak forms a minor sub-canopy layer beneath the primary overstory. On some sites, an occasional Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) or giant chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla) may be present. <br /> <br /> Average Percent Canopy Cover:<br /> <br /> Main canopy<br /> <br /> Redwood 40-55%<br /> Douglas-fir 20-25%<br /> <br /> Sub-canopy<br /> <br /> Western hemlock 5-20%<br /> Tanoak 5-10%<br />
Forest understory. The understory is dominated by California huckleberry, Pacific Rhododendron and salal.<br /> <br /> Average Percent Canopy Cover<br /> <br /> California huckleberry 25-50%<br /> Pacific rhododendron 15-20%<br /> Salal 5-15%<br />
Table 5. Ground cover
Tree foliar cover 80-90% Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover 50-60% Grass/grasslike foliar cover 0% Forb foliar cover 0-10% Non-vascular plants 0% Biological crusts 0% Litter 50-80% Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" 0% Surface fragments >3" 0% Bedrock 0% Water 0% Bare ground 0% Table 6. Canopy structure (% cover)
Height Above Ground (ft) Tree Shrub/Vine Grass/
GrasslikeForb <0.5 – – – – >0.5 <= 1 – – – – >1 <= 2 – – – 10-15% >2 <= 4.5 – 0-50% – – >4.5 <= 13 – 0-30% – – >13 <= 40 – 0-10% – – >40 <= 80 5-10% – – – >80 <= 120 0-20% – – – >120 65-85% – – – State 2
Plant Community 1.2: Tanoak ShrublandCommunity 2.1
Plant Community 1.2: Tanoak ShrublandShortly after block harvesting, Tanoak’s rapid growth will cause it to become the dominant species in the overstory. Sprouting will also occur from the redwood stumps in the area. The site is quickly covered by rapidly growing shrubs and hardwoods that may dominate the site for a short period of time. A dense shrub layer of California huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron, and salal will persist in the understory. Douglas-fir seedlings are likely to be present, depending on an available seed source and the degree of ground disturbance, but conifer growth is initially suppressed by brush and hardwood competition. The estimated age for this community ranges from 20 to 200 years.
Community Pathway 1.2a:
Without management this community will transition to PC 1.5 as Douglas-fir and redwood gradually infill and grow. This growth is slowed by the competition from tanoak.
Community Pathway 1.2b:
If an adjacent seed source is present, the infill of Douglas-fir and the sprouting of redwoods would transition this community to PC 1.4. The establishment and growth of Douglas-fir and redwood could be accelerated by brush and hardwood management or chemical treatment which would act to reduce hardwood competition. Tanoak will remain as part of the plant community, leading to a stand of Douglas-fir, tanoak and redwood. Some remnant shrubs of California huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron and salal would remain part of the understory. Douglas-fir may remain as the dominant conifer for a long period of time, with redwoods eventually regenerating in the understory.
Community Pathway 1.2c:
Brush management, chemical control and tree planting may transition this community to PC 1.6 by reducing brush competition and the time period of shrub dominance. Douglas-fir infill from adjacent seed sources could lead to a larger proportion of Douglas-fir to redwood. Overtime, an older multi-story stand of Douglas-fir, redwood and tanoak will develop. Because of tanoak's shade tolerance and persistent behavior to infill, it will remain a stand component indefinitely.
State 3
Plant Community 1.3: Blueblossom ShrublandCommunity 3.1
Plant Community 1.3: Blueblossom ShrublandBlock harvesting followed by a moderate post-harvest fire, may lead to an abundance of blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Blueblossom is a prolific seeder, and the regeneration of seeds stored in the soil tends to be favored following fire. It also readily sprouts when cut (Adams, et al, 1992).Tanoak, California huckleberry and Pacific rhododendron will also sprout and remain part of the plant community. Repeated light to moderate fires would maintain this shrub community. The estimated age for this community ranges from 5 to 15 years.
Community Pathway 1.3a:
Without management, blueblossom could dominate an area for an extended period of time. However, gradual infill of conifers will occur as holes are created from dying brush. Initial conifer growth will be slowed by extreme brush competition, but this community will eventually transition to PC 1.4.
Community Pathway 1.3b:
Brush management and chemical control, in conjunction with conifer tree planting or infill, could transition this shrubland to PC 1.6.
State 4
Plant Community 1.5: Tanoak and Douglas-fir ForestCommunity 4.1
Plant Community 1.5: Tanoak and Douglas-fir ForestTanoak has rapidly grown in height and is able to dominate large portions of the overstory canopy in this plant community (McMurray, 1989, Adams, 1992). Both redwood and Douglas-fir are established, but growth is inhibited by the competition from tanoak. A modest shrub layer of California huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron and occasionally, salal will remain established in the understory. The estimated age for this community ranges from 20 to more than 200 years.
Community Pathway 1.5a:
Eventually, Douglas-fir and redwood height will exceed that of tanoak, transitioning this plant community to PC 1.4. With time, a multistoried Douglas-fir and redwood plant community with a tanoak sub-canopy would develop. A shrub layer of California huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron and salal remains in the understory.
Community Pathway 1.5b:
The growth of Douglas-fir and redwood could be accelerated by a combination of partial cutting, tree planting and chemical control of tanoak in conjunction with the planting of Douglas-fir and redwood. Redwood sprouts would also be released from hardwood competition. This management would transition the plant community to PC 1.6.
State 5
Plant Community 1.4: Douglas-fir and Tanoak ForestCommunity 5.1
Plant Community 1.4: Douglas-fir and Tanoak ForestDuring the transition from PC 1.2 or PC 1.3, tanoak’s rapid growth causes it to be the dominate species for a short period of time before Douglas-fir and redwood overgrow it. After Douglas-fir and redwood surpasses tanoak in height, an overstory of Douglas-fir and redwood forms with a sub-canopy of tanoak. California huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron, and salal form the understory shrub layer. The estimated age for this site ranges from 20 to more than 200 years.
Community Pathway 1.4a:
In the early stages of stand development a moderate fire could kill young conifers causing sprouting tanoak to become more abundant for a period of time. This will transition the community to PC 1.5.
Community Pathway 1.4b:
Partial cutting or chemical control of tanoak may release the conifers from competition and could reduce the amount of time needed to develop into the community seen in PC 1.6.
State 6
Plant Community 1.6: Douglas-fir and Redwood ForestCommunity 6.1
Plant Community 1.6: Douglas-fir and Redwood ForestDouglas-fir and redwood dominate the overstory with tanoak in the sub-canopy. Additional Douglas-fir infill from adjacent seed sources could lead to a larger proportion of Douglas-fir to redwood. After an extended period of time, an older multi-storied stand of Douglas-fir, redwood and tanoak will develop. Because of tanoak's shade tolerance and persistent behavior to infill, it will remain a stand component indefinitely. California huckleberry and Pacific rhododendron are present in the shrub layer and may become more prominent in openings. The estimated age of this plant community ranges from 20 to 400 years, depending on management efforts.
Community Pathway 1.6:
Fire exclusion or lack of harvesting will severely inhibit Douglas-fir’s ability to successfully regenerate. Redwood continues to establish in the understory and eventually becomes dominant over Douglas-fir, transitioning this community back to PC 1.1.
Additional community tables
Table 7. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 8. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 9. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 5.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 6.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
The Redwood forest provides habitat for many species of mammals and native birds. Predators include black bear, fisher and marten, mountain lion, fox and bobcat. Ungulates included deer and elk, which use the forested areas for foraging and cover.
Many bird species use the redwood forest on a seasonal basis. Bird species include warblers, tanagers, sparrows, blackbirds, the Marbeled Murrelet, the Northern spotted owl and the Bald Eagle.
Common reptiles found in forested areas would include the alligator lizard and garter snake.
Amphibians are mostly associated with riparian and wetland areas. The northwest salamander and two newt species spend much of their lives in upland habitat.
Hydrological functions
These soils have a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. They are dominantly very deep, well-drained, and have a moderately fine texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission.
The site is subject to erosion where adequate vegetative cover is not maintained. Road building, timber harvest, and site preparation for planting may increase surface erosion and potential for mass wasting.
Hydrologic Group:
542--Slidecreek--C
542--Coppercreek--C
580--Slidecreek--C
580--Coppercreek--C
580--Tectah--D
581--Coppercreek--C
581--Slidecreek--C
581--Tectah--D
582--Slidecreek--C
582--Coppercreek--CRecreational uses
In some locations steep slopes and subsurface rock may limit recreation site development.
Wood products
Redwood is a highly valued lumber because of its resistance to decay. Uses of redwood include house siding, paneling, trim and cabinetry, decks, hot tubs, fences, garden structures, and retaining walls. Other uses include fascia, molding and industrial storage and processing tanks.
Douglas-fir is employed in residential structures and light commercial timber-frame construction. It is also used for solid timber heavy duty construction such as pilings, wharfs, bridge components and warehouse construction.
Other products
Redwood burls are used for tabletops, veneers, bowls and other turned products. Redwood bark is widely used as garden mulch.
Douglas-fir is a very desirable Christmas tree; branches and cones are also used as materials for Christmas wreaths.
California huckleberries are made into wine, as well as processed into pie fillings for home and commercial use. Foliage of the California huckleberry is used by florists in floral arrangements and to make Christmas decorations.
Other information
Pacific rhododendron is sometimes used for erosion protection on steep slopes.
California Huckleberry leaves may be eaten by deer, and its berries are utilized by many bird and mammal species including bear, fox, squirrel, and skunk.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Data for this site was obtained from NRCS Wood-5 forms collected at forest soil pits, unless otherwise noted. Transects were conducted within similar map units. Coppercreek-542 6048* Note 04-20 04-27 Coppercreek-580 04-92 04-63 04-62 04-87 04-153 Coppercreek-581 04-47 04-66 Coppercreek-582 04-79 04-49 Slidecreek-580 04-74 04-93 04-95 Slidecreek-581 04-88 04-90 04-83 04-96 Slidecreek-582 04-97 04-78 04-99 Lackscreek-580 04-65
Type locality
Location 1: Humboldt County, CA Township/Range/Section T8N R2E S22 UTM zone N UTM northing 4547446 UTM easting 421710 General legal description Panthercreek Quad Other references
Agee, James K., 1993. Fire Ecology of Northwest Forests. P 187-225.
Arno, Stephen H. and Allison-Bunnel, Steven. 2002. Flames in Our Forest, Disaster or Renewal? Island Press.
Burns, Russel M. and Honkala, B.H., Ed., 1990. Silvics of North America, Volume 1, Conifers. Agricultural Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Crane, M. F. 1990. Rhododendron macrophyllum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis [2005, November 9.]
Daniel, T. W. 1942. The comparative transpiration rates of several western conifers under controlled conditions. PhD. diss., University of California. Berkeley.
McMurray, Nancy E. 1989. Lithocarpus densiflorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2006, June 2].
Noss, Reed, F., editor. 2000. The Redwood Forest. 377 pages.
Silvics of North America. 1990. USDA Handbook 654
Tappeiner, John C., II; Harrington, Timothy B.; Walstad, John D. 1984. Predicting recovery of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) after cutting or burning. Weed Science. 32: 413-417.
Tirmenstien, D. 1990. Vaccinium ovatum.
In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis
Viers, Stephen D. 1996. Ecology of the Coast Redwood. Conference on Coast Redwood Forest Ecology and Management. P 9-12.
Viers, Stephen D. 1979. The Role of Fire in Northern Coast Redwood Forest Dynamics. Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks.
Williamson, Richard L.; Ruth, Robert H. 1976. Results of shelterwood cutting in western hemlock. Res. Pap. PNW-201. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 25 p.
Contributors
Judy Welles
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Contact for lead author Date Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
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Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
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Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
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Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
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Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
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Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
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Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
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Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
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Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
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Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
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Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
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Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
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Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
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Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
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Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
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Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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