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Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
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Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 038X–Mogollon Transition South
AZ 38.1 – Lower Interior Chaparral
Elevations range from 3000 to 4500 feet and precipitation averages 12 to 16 inches per year. Vegetation includes canotia, one-seed juniper, mesquite, catclaw acacia, jojoba, turbinella oak, ratany, shrubby buckwheat, algerita, skunkbush, tobosa, vine mesquite, bottlebrush squirreltail, grama species, curly mesquite, desert needlegrass and New Mexico feathergrass. The soil temperature regime is thermic and the soil moisture regime is ustic aridic. This unit occurs within the Transition Zone Physiographic Province and is characterized by canyons and structural troughs or valleys. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock classes occur on rough mountainous terrain in association with less extensive sediment filled valleys exhibiting little integrated drainage.Classification relationships
Similar site to TES (terrestrial ecosystem sites) map units nos. 372, 413, 427, 439, 471 and 472 on the Prescott National Forest in Yavapai county in central Arizona
Associated sites
R038XA103AZ Clay Loam Upland 12-16" p.z.
R038XA117AZ Volcanic Hills 12-16" p.z. Clayey
Similar sites
R038XA115AZ Volcanic Upland 12-16" p.z.
R041XC304AZ Clayey Upland 12-16" p.z.
R038XB202AZ Clayey Upland 16-20" p.z.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree Not specified
Shrub (1) Eriogonum wrightii
(2) Acacia greggiiHerbaceous (1) Pleuraphis mutica
(2) Panicum obtusumPhysiographic features
This site occurs in the lower elevations of the Mogollon Transition zone south of the rim in central Arizona.
This site occurs in an upland position. It occurs on gently sloping valley fill plains, basalt flows and mesa tops.Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms (1) Alluvial flat
(2) Lava flow
(3) Mesa
Flooding frequency None Ponding frequency None Elevation 3200 – 4600 ft Slope 0 – 8 % Ponding depth 0 in Aspect Aspect is not a significant factor Climatic features
Precipitation in this common resource area averages 12 to 16 inches. The winter-summer rainfall ratio ranges from about 60-40% in the northwest portion of the Land Resource Unit to about 50-50% in the southeast region. Summer rains fall July through September from high-intensity convective thunderstorms. This moisture originates primarily from the Gulf of Mexico, but can come from the remnants of Pacific hurricanes in September. Winter moisture is frontal, originates in the northern Pacific, and falls as rain or snow in widespread storms of low intensity and long duration. Snowfall ranges from a trace to 10 inches per year and can occur from November through March. At the lower elevations, snow seldom persists longer than a day. May and June are the driest months of the year. Humidity is generally low all year. Average annual air temperatures range from 59 to 70 degrees F., a thermic temperature regime. Daytime temperatures in summer are commonly in the 90's. Freezing temperatures are common from October through April, usually during the night or early morning hours. The actual precipitation, available moisture, and temperature varies depending upon region, elevation, rain shadow effect, and aspect.
Table 3 Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) 210 days Freeze-free period (average) 270 days Precipitation total (average) 10 in BarLineFigure 2. Monthly precipitation range
BarLineFigure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 4. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 5 Annual average temperature pattern
">Influencing water features
There are no water features associated with this site.
Soil features
These soils are moderately deep to deep (30 to over 60 inches), clayey throughout and well drained. They have formed in alluvium from basalt, andesite and related volcanic tuff and ash. The surface textures are clay and silty clay except that granular silty clay loam or heavy clay loam are at the surface in some places. These soils have vertic properties and crack and churn with wetting and drying. The effective rooting depth is 30 to 60. Runoff is slow on dry soils due to cracks and holes, but is moderate to high on moist soils. The erosion hazard is slight unless heavy traffic causes trailing and compaction. Typical taxonomic units mapped on this site include: SSA-627 Mohave County Southern Part MU's Bonita family-12 & 13; SSA-637 Yavapai County Western Part MU Springerville-VsC; SSA-639 Black Hills-Sedona Area MU's Guest-426 & 626; SSA-675 San Carlos Indian Reservation Area MU's Sontag-40 & 65.
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture (1) Cobbly clay
(2) Gravelly silty clay
(3) Silty clay loam
Family particle size (1) Clayey
Drainage class Well drained to moderately well drained Permeability class Moderate to slow Soil depth 30 – 60 in Surface fragment cover <=3" 5 – 20 % Surface fragment cover >3" 0 – 10 % Available water capacity
(0-40in)3.6 – 7.2 in Calcium carbonate equivalent
(0-40in)1 – 15 % Electrical conductivity
(0-40in)0 – 2 mmhos/cm Sodium adsorption ratio
(0-40in)0 – 2 Soil reaction (1:1 water)
(0-40in)7 – 8.2 Subsurface fragment volume <=3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 10 % Subsurface fragment volume >3"
(Depth not specified)0 – 5 % Ecological dynamics
The historic native plant community is a tobosa grassland (canopy cover of 40 to 65%)with a diverse flora of native annual grasses and forbs of both the winter and summer season. Periodic wildfires occurred every 15 years; June thru August, and controlled shrubs and succulents encroaching from adjacent areas of shallow soils. In the absence of fire for long periods shrubs and cacti can become dominant. The interactions of drought, grazing and fire can result in loss of tobosa cover. If tobosa canopy cover is reduced to less than 5% and is patchy in distribution; it may not be able to re-colonize large areas. In these situations, annual species, both native and non-native can dominate the plant community. Non-native annuals may, over time, diminish the soil seed-bank of native annual species.
State and transition model
Custom diagramStandard diagram
Figure 6. State & Transition, Clayey Upland 12-16" p.z.
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective textEcosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference StateCommunity 1.1
Tobosa Grassland (HCPC)
Figure 7. Clayey Upland 12-16" pz. photos
Figure 8. Tobosa grassland
The historic, native, plant community is a grassland dominated by tobosa grass with lesser amounts of vine mesquite and bottlebrush squirreltail. A rich flora of native annual forbs and grasses, of both the winter and summer seasons, exist in the plant community. Periodic, naturally occuring, wildfires were important in maintaining the potential plant community.
Figure 9. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type Low
(lb/acre)Representative value
(lb/acre)High
(lb/acre)Grass/Grasslike 550 1000 1500 Forb 30 300 500 Shrub/Vine 0 25 100 Total 580 1325 2100 Table 6. Ground cover
Tree foliar cover 0-0% Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover 0-0% Grass/grasslike foliar cover 10-20% Forb foliar cover 0-0% Non-vascular plants 0-0% Biological crusts 0-10% Litter 30-50% Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" 0-20% Surface fragments >3" 0-10% Bedrock 0% Water 0% Bare ground 20-30% Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
Height Above Ground (ft) Tree Shrub/Vine Grass/
GrasslikeForb <0.5 – – 0-5% 1-5% >0.5 <= 1 – 0-2% 2-15% 2-15% >1 <= 2 – 0-5% 35-55% 0-1% >2 <= 4.5 – 0-5% – – >4.5 <= 13 – 0-5% – – >13 <= 40 – – – – >40 <= 80 – – – – >80 <= 120 – – – – >120 – – – – Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3811 , 38.1 12-16" p.z. all sites. Growth begins in the spring, most growth occurs in the summer..
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec J F M A M J J A S O N D 0 0 1 7 15 20 22 20 10 5 0 0 Community 1.2
Grassland with Native Annuals/ ShrubsTobosa cover has been reduced through drought, grazing and/or a lack of fire. As Tobosa grass declines native annuals and shrubs increase. Native Annual grasses, forbs and shrubs are dominate with scattered distribution of Tobosa grass and lesser amounts of other perennial grasses.
Community 1.3
Grassland with Native AnnualsTobosa cover has been reduced through drought, grazing and/or fire. With a reduced canopy of tobosa annuals are able to increase across the site. This creates an even distribution of tobosa and annuals with lesser amounts of perennial grasses and shrubs.
State 2
Native Shrub and Annuals StateCommunity 2.1
Shrub and Annuals DominatedShrubs like; whitethorn acacia, mesquite, wait a bit mimosa and catclaw acacia; and succulents like; prickly pear, cholla and banana yucca , invade from adjacent shallow soil areas to dominate the site in the absence of fire. Native and non-native annual forbs and grasses dominate the under-story. In "El Nino" years, herbaceous fuels can be sufficient to carry fire through the heavy canopy of shrubs. The major woody shrubs are, however, fire resistant once established. Tobosa cannot re-colonize large areas with low canopy cover levels and patchy distribution.
Community 2.2
Annual Forbs and Grasses DominatedTobosa canopy cover is reduced due to the interactions of drought, grazing and/or fire. Native forbs and grasses dominate the plant community. Tobosa canopy cover is poor and patchy in distribution. Tobosa may not be able to re-colonize large areas because of very poor seed production and no seed-bank. Vertic soil properties maintain good, surface, soil tilth and good infiltration rates when soils are dry. Plant production is high, even with the lack of perennial grass cover, due to soil cracking and churning.
State 3
Native Annual Forbs and Grassland StateCommunity 3.1
Annual Forbs and GrasslandTobosa canopy cover is reduced due to the interactions of drought, grazing and / or fire. Native and non-native annual forbs and grasses dominate the plant community. Tobosa canopy cover is less than 5% and patchy in distribution. Tobosa may not be able to re-colonize large areas because of very poor seed production and no seed-bank. Vertic soil properties maintain good, surface, soil tilth and good infiltration rates when soils are dry. Plant production is high, even with the lack of perennial grass cover, due to soil cracking and churning.
State 4
Invaded Exotic Forb and Grass StateCommunity 4.1
Exotic Forbs and Grass DominatedNon-native annual grasses and forbs like; red brome, cheatgrass, tumble mustard, wild oats and filaree, can invade and dominate areas of the site with very low tobosa cover. These species can, over time, reduce the seed-bank of native annual grasses and forbs. Their presence can increase the fire frequency (of man made fires) especially where roads and urban areas are adjacent to areas of the site.
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Grass/Grasslike1 mid grasses 500–1000 tobosagrass PLMU3 Pleuraphis mutica 500–1000 – 2 cool season grasses 10–200 squirreltail ELEL5 Elymus elymoides 10–200 – 3 misc. perennial grasses 10–100 curly-mesquite HIBE Hilaria belangeri 0–100 – vine mesquite PAOB Panicum obtusum 0–50 – threeawn ARIST Aristida 0–50 – cane bluestem BOBA3 Bothriochloa barbinodis 0–50 – sideoats grama BOCU Bouteloua curtipendula 0–50 – 4 annual grasses 25–300 little barley HOPU Hordeum pusillum 20–300 – Mexican sprangletop LEFUU Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia 20–300 – mucronate sprangeltop LEPAB Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata 20–300 – Mexican panicgrass PAHI5 Panicum hirticaule 0–100 – sixweeks threeawn ARAD Aristida adscensionis 0–100 – prairie threeawn AROL Aristida oligantha 0–100 – needle grama BOAR Bouteloua aristidoides 0–100 – sixweeks grama BOBA2 Bouteloua barbata 0–50 – Arizona brome BRAR4 Bromus arizonicus 0–50 – feather fingergrass CHVI4 Chloris virgata 0–50 – sticky sprangletop LEVI5 Leptochloa viscida 0–50 – small fescue VUMI Vulpia microstachys 0–50 – Eastwood fescue VUMIC Vulpia microstachys var. ciliata 0–50 – sixweeks fescue VUOC Vulpia octoflora 0–50 – witchgrass PACA6 Panicum capillare 0–50 – delicate muhly MUFR Muhlenbergia fragilis 0–25 – littleseed muhly MUMI Muhlenbergia microsperma 0–25 – Bigelow's bluegrass POBI Poa bigelovii 0–25 – Arizona signalgrass URAR Urochloa arizonica 0–25 – canyon cupgrass ERLE7 Eriochloa lemmonii 0–25 – tufted lovegrass ERPE Eragrostis pectinacea 0–25 – desert lovegrass ERPEM Eragrostis pectinacea var. miserrima 0–25 – Forb5 perennial forbs 10–50 largeflower onion ALMA4 Allium macropetalum 0–15 – weakleaf bur ragweed AMCO3 Ambrosia confertiflora 1–15 – bluedicks DICA14 Dichelostemma capitatum 2–15 – Indian rushpea HOGL2 Hoffmannseggia glauca 1–15 – Wright's deervetch LOWR Lotus wrightii 0–15 – desert globemallow SPAM2 Sphaeralcea ambigua 1–15 – brownplume wirelettuce STPA4 Stephanomeria pauciflora 0–15 – scarlet spiderling BOCO Boerhavia coccinea 0–10 – vetch VICIA Vicia 0–5 – Parry's beardtongue PEPA24 Penstemon parryi 0–5 – orange fameflower PHAU13 Phemeranthus aurantiacus 0–5 – canaigre dock RUHY Rumex hymenosepalus 0–5 – twinleaf senna SEBA3 Senna bauhinioides 0–5 – Coues' cassia SECO10 Senna covesii 0–5 – southwestern mock vervain GLGO Glandularia gooddingii 0–5 – Forb, perennial 2FP Forb, perennial 0–5 – brownfoot ACWR5 Acourtia wrightii 0–5 – tuber anemone ANTU Anemone tuberosa 0–5 – Braun's rockcress ARPE3 Arabis perstellata 0–5 – 6 annual forbs 25–500 bristly fiddleneck AMTE3 Amsinckia tessellata 0–75 – California poppy ESCAM Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana 0–75 – trefoil LOTUS Lotus 0–50 – Arizona lupine LUAR4 Lupinus arizonicus 0–50 – slender goldenweed MAGR10 Machaeranthera gracilis 0–50 – tanseyleaf tansyaster MATA2 Machaeranthera tanacetifolia 0–50 – Coulter's lupine LUSP2 Lupinus sparsiflorus 0–50 – manybristle chinchweed PEPA2 Pectis papposa 0–50 – Arizona popcornflower PLAR Plagiobothrys arizonicus 5–50 – creamcups PLCA5 Platystemon californicus 0–50 – desert Indianwheat PLOV Plantago ovata 1–50 – woolly plantain PLPA2 Plantago patagonica 1–50 – milkvetch ASTRA Astragalus 0–50 – carelessweed AMPA Amaranthus palmeri 0–50 – crestrib morning-glory IPCO2 Ipomoea costellata 0–50 – Forb, annual 2FA Forb, annual 0–50 – California goldfields LACA7 Lasthenia californica 0–25 – Goodding's bladderpod LEGO2 Lesquerella gooddingii 0–25 – shaggyfruit pepperweed LELA Lepidium lasiocarpum 0–25 – Thurber's pepperweed LETH2 Lepidium thurberi 0–25 – foothill deervetch LOHU2 Lotus humistratus 0–25 – coastal bird's-foot trefoil LOSA Lotus salsuginosus 0–25 – western tansymustard DEPI Descurainia pinnata 0–25 – miniature woollystar ERDI2 Eriastrum diffusum 0–25 – spreading fleabane ERDI4 Erigeron divergens 0–25 – cryptantha CRYPT Cryptantha 0–25 – Coulter's spiderling BOCO2 Boerhavia coulteri 0–25 – fivewing spiderling BOIN Boerhavia intermedia 0–25 – hoary bowlesia BOIN3 Bowlesia incana 0–25 – New Mexico thistle CINE Cirsium neomexicanum 0–25 – purslane PORTU Portulaca 0–25 – phacelia PHACE Phacelia 0–25 – hollowleaf annual lupine LUSU3 Lupinus succulentus 0–25 – miniature lupine LUBI Lupinus bicolor 0–25 – spurge EUPHO Euphorbia 0–25 – longleaf false goldeneye HELOA2 Heliomeris longifolia var. annua 0–25 – New Mexico plumeseed RANE Rafinesquia neomexicana 0–25 – ragwort SENEC Senecio 0–15 – spreading fanpetals SIAB Sida abutifolia 0–15 – sleepy silene SIAN2 Silene antirrhina 0–15 – New Mexico fanpetals SINE Sida neomexicana 0–15 – sand fringepod THCU Thysanocarpus curvipes 0–15 – green carpetweed MOVE Mollugo verticillata 0–15 – evening primrose OENOT Oenothera 0–15 – Florida pellitory PAFL3 Parietaria floridana 0–15 – desert unicorn-plant PRAL4 Proboscidea althaeifolia 0–15 – doubleclaw PRPA2 Proboscidea parviflora 0–15 – scrambled eggs COAU2 Corydalis aurea 0–15 – American wild carrot DAPU3 Daucus pusillus 0–15 – sorrel buckwheat ERPO4 Eriogonum polycladon 0–15 – annual agoseris AGHE2 Agoseris heterophylla 0–15 – Shrub/Vine7 shrubs 0–50 catclaw acacia ACGR Acacia greggii 0–25 – velvet mesquite PRVE Prosopis velutina 0–10 – jojoba SICH Simmondsia chinensis 0–5 – lotebush ZIOBC Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens 0–5 – fourwing saltbush ATCA2 Atriplex canescens 0–5 – spiny hackberry CEEH Celtis ehrenbergiana 0–5 – winterfat KRLA2 Krascheninnikovia lanata 0–5 – catclaw mimosa MIACB Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera 0–5 – blue paloverde PAFL6 Parkinsonia florida 0–5 – whitethorn acacia ACCO2 Acacia constricta 0–5 – pale desert-thorn LYPA Lycium pallidum 0–2 – algerita MATR3 Mahonia trifoliolata 0–2 – 8 half shrubs 0–50 bastardsage ERWR Eriogonum wrightii 0–50 – broom snakeweed GUSA2 Gutierrezia sarothrae 0–25 – burroweed ISTE2 Isocoma tenuisecta 0–15 – threadleaf snakeweed GUMI Gutierrezia microcephala 0–10 – fairyduster CAER Calliandra eriophylla 0–10 – yerba de pasmo BAPT Baccharis pteronioides 0–5 – 9 succulents 0–50 walkingstick cactus CYSP8 Cylindropuntia spinosior 0–25 – cactus apple OPEN3 Opuntia engelmannii 0–25 – tulip pricklypear OPPH Opuntia phaeacantha 0–10 – banana yucca YUBA Yucca baccata 0–10 – dollarjoint pricklypear OPCH Opuntia chlorotica 0–10 – Whipple cholla CYWH Cylindropuntia whipplei 0–10 – common sotol DAWH2 Dasylirion wheeleri 0–5 – buck-horn cholla CYAC8 Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa 0–5 – Christmas cactus CYLE8 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 0–5 – candy barrelcactus FEWI Ferocactus wislizeni 0–5 – sacahuista NOMI Nolina microcarpa 0–5 – Engelmann's hedgehog cactus ECEN Echinocereus engelmannii 0–2 – pinkflower hedgehog cactus ECFE Echinocereus fendleri 0–2 – goldenflower century plant AGCH2 Agave chrysantha 0–2 – Schott's century plant AGSC3 Agave schottii 0–2 – spinystar ESVI2 Escobaria vivipara 0–1 – Table 9. Community 1.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 10. Community 1.3 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 11. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 12. Community 2.2 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 13. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Table 14. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group Common name Symbol Scientific name Annual production () Foliar cover (%) Interpretations
Animal community
This site is suitable for grazing year round and is easily traversed by all classes of livestock. The site is susceptible to erosion only in overgrazed areas, old roads, cattle trails and concentration areas like bed grounds, water-lots and salt grounds.
This site has good habitat diversity for grassland wildlife species. As shrubby species and annuals become dominant, grassland species diminish and desert wildlife species increase.Hydrological functions
Due to severe cracking and churning (producing rough and porous surfaces), this site has very high, initial, infiltration rates. It produces runoff only when rain falls or snow melts, and the soils are moist.
Recreational uses
Climate is characterized by warm summers and cold winters. Recreation activities include hunting, hiking, camping, photography, bird watching and backpacking.
Wood products
There are no significant wood products produced on this site.
Other products
There is some native harvest of food plants like wild onions, grassnuts and thistle. Clay for pot making.
Supporting information
Contributors
Dan Robinett
Kenneth Gishi
Larry D. EllicottRangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) Ken Gishi, Dan Robinett, Wilma Renken Contact for lead author Globe MLRA Soil Survey Office Date 07/01/2014 Approved by Approval date Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on Annual Production Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water flow patterns occupy less than 10% of the area. They are very short (2-5 ft.) in length and discontinuous. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Erosional pedestals and terracettes are very uncommon. Vertic soil activity (cracking and churning) continually disturb the soil surface and preclude development of erosional features like these. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
10 to 15% (from pace transect) -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
All litter is staying in place. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil slake test values of 4, 5 and 6’s across the area. Soil surface has high organic content both under plant canopies and in interspaces. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Surface structure is granular. A horizon is thick (3-5 inches), has high organic carbon (4-5%) and is very dark colored (10YR 3/2). -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Canopy cover of tobosa is 45% (after several years of drought) and well distributed across the landscape. Basal cover ranges from 8 to 15%. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
perennial mid-grass (tobosa)Sub-dominant:
annual forbs and grasses> cool season grasses> perennial forbs> misc. grassesOther:
sub-shrubs> succulents> shrubsAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
50% drought mortality on tobosa plants after severe drought from 1996 thru 2004. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter is nearly all herbaceous. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
From ecological site description average annual production is 580 lbs/ac (drought), 1325 lbs/ac (normal year), 2100 lbs/ac (wet year) -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
mesquite, prickley pear, cane cholla, catclaw acacia, wild oats, red brome, cheatgrass -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Not impaired.
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